tailieunhanh - IELTS Academic Reading 12

Nhằm giúp các bạn có thêm tài liệu ôn tập kiến thức, kĩ năng cơ bản, và biết cách vận dụng giải các bài tập một cách nhanh nhất và chính xác. Hãy tham khảo IELTS Academic Reading 12 để tích lũy kinh nghiệm giải đề các bạn nhé! | IELTS Academic Reading 12 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 29-40 which are bused on Reading Passage below. THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD A Hypotheses said Medawar in 1964 are imaginative and inspirational in character they are adventures of the mind . He was arguing in favour of the position taken by Karl Popper in The Logic of Scientific Discovery 1972 3rd edition that the nature of scientific method is hypothetico-deductive and not as is generally believed inductive. B It is essential that you as an intending researcher understand the difference between these two interpretations of the research process so that you do not become discouraged or begin to suffer from a feeling of cheating or not going about it the right way. C The myth of scientific method is that it is inductive that the formulation of scientific theory starts with the basic raw evidence of the senses - simple unbiased unprejudiced observation. Out of these sensory data - commonly referred to as facts generalisations will form. The myth is that from a disorderly array of factual information an orderly relevant theory will somehow emerge. However the starting point of induction is an impossible one. D There is no such thing as an unbiased observation. Every act of observation we make is a function of what we have seen or otherwise experienced in the past. All scientific work of an experimental or exploratory nature starts with some expectation about the outcome. This expectation is a hypothesis. Hypotheses provide the initiative and incentive for the inquiry and influence the method. It is in the light of an expectation that some observations are held to be relevant and some irrelevant that one methodology is chosen and others discarded that some experiments are conducted and others are not. Where is your naive pure and objective researcher now E Hypotheses arise by guesswork or by inspiration but having been formulated they can and must be tested rigorously using the appropriate methodology.