tailieunhanh - OCEANOGRAPHY and MARINE BIOLOGY: AN ANNUAL REVIEW (Volume 45) - Chapter 2

Macrocystis tảo bẹ khổng lồ của thế giới sinh vật đáy lớn nhất và phân loại tảo bẹ phân phối rộng rãi nhất, phục vụ như là nền tảng cho môi trường sống đa dạng và giàu năng lượng có tầm quan trọng sinh thái và kinh tế. Mặc dù các tài liệu cơ bản và ứng dụng trên Macrocystis là rộng lớn và đa quốc gia, | GLOBAL ECOLOGY OF THE GIANT KELP MACROCYSTIS FROM ECOTYPES TO ECOSYSTEMS MICHAEL H. GRAHAM1-2 JULIO A. VASQUEZ2-3 ALEJANDRO H. BUSCHMANN4 1Moss Landing Marine Laboratories 8272 Moss Landing Road Moss Landing California 95039 . E-mail mgraham@ 2Centro de Estudios Avanzados de Zonas Aridas CEAZA - 3Departamento Biología Marina Facultad de Ciencias del Mar Universidad Católica del Norte Coquimbo Chile 4Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ambientes y Recursos Costeros i mar Universidad de Los Lagos Casilla 557 Puerto Montt Chile Abstract The giant kelp Macrocystis is the world s largest benthic organism and most widely distributed kelp taxon serving as the foundation for diverse and energy-rich habitats that are of great ecological and economical importance. Although the basic and applied literature on Macro-cystis is extensive and multinational studies of large Macrocystis forests in the northeastern Pacific have received the greatest attention. This review synthesises the existing Macrocystis literature into a more global perspective. During the last 20 yr the primary literature has shifted from descriptive and experimental studies of local Macrocystis distribution abundance and population and community structure . competition and herbivory to comprehensive investigations of Macrocystis life history dispersal recruitment physiology and broad-scale variability in population and community processes. Ample evidence now suggests that the genus is monospecific. Due to its highly variable physiology and life history Macrocystis occupies a wide variety of environments intertidal to 60 m boreal to warm temperate and sporophytes take on a variety of morphological forms. Macrocystis sporophytes are highly responsive to environmental variability resulting in differential population dynamics and effects of Macrocystis on its local environment. Within the large subtidal giant kelp forests of southern California Macrocystis sporophytes live