tailieunhanh - Ebook Avian anatomy - Textbook and colour atlas (2/E): Part 2

Part 2 book "Avian anatomy - Textbook and colour atlas" includes content: Immune system and lymphatic organs (organa lymphopoetica); nervous system (systema nervosum); endocrine glands (glandulae endocrinae); the eye (organum visus); the ear (organum vestibulocochleare); common integument (integumentum commune); clinical examination; imaging techniques, handling, restraint and anaesthesia, medication and blood collection techniques, endoscopy, surgical fracture management, falconry and raptor medicine. | 12 Immune system and lymphatic organs organa lymphopoetica . Budras H. E. König and R. Korbel The lymphatic system of the class Aves includes the follow- organs thymus cloacal bursa spleen and bone marrow and ing distinguishing features the tonsils tonsillae pharyngis oesophagi and caeci . In phylogenetic terms the avian lymphatic system can lymphatic hearts cor lymphaticum be considered a transitional stage between that of reptiles mural lymphatic formations in the lymphatic vessels and mammals exhibiting characteristics of both. the cloacal bursa bursa of Fabricius bursa Fabricii . A multidirectional system incorporating anastomosing lymphatic vessels and lymph hearts is seen in amphibians The primary function of the lymphatic system and its cells and reptiles. In mammals on the other hand the flow of particularly lymphocytes and macrophages is to provide the lymph through the lymphatic system has become exclu- protective response referred to as immunity. Anatomically sively unidirectional. the lymphatic system includes the lymphatic vessels includ- Embryonically birds have both a unidirectional sys- ing the lymph hearts and lymphatic tissue. The main tem in which lymph drains into veins at the paired venous components of the lymphatic tissue are the lymph nodes angle and an alternative route by which lymph passes diffuse lymphoreticular formations with or without a through paired lymph hearts located either side of the germinal centre found predominantly in parenchymatous first caudal vertebrae to enter the dorsal pelvic veins. The organs such as endocrine glands and the liver formatio- persistence of lymph hearts post-hatching varies according nes lymphoreticulares parenchymatosae the lymphatic to species. Histological section of the cloacal bursa bursa Fabricii of a chicken. Avian 179 05 10 2016 12 15 180 Avian Anatomy Wall of the initial segment of a collector vessel vas Wall of the terminal segment of