tailieunhanh - Ebook Education and Gendered Citizenship in Pakistan: Part 2

Ebook Education and Gendered Citizenship in Pakistan: Part 2 presents the following content: Women and the State in Pakistan: A History of the Present; Subject Positioning and Subjectivity Constitution in Pakistan; Educational Discourse and the Constitution of Gendered Subjectivities in Pakistan; . | Chapter 4 Women and the State in Pakistan A History of the Present From 2004 to 2009 a total of 1 635 women were murdered in what were claimed to be honor killings 143 were killed by fathers 448 by brothers 334 by husbands 61 by in laws 177 by relatives and 57 by sons. Out of the 898 FIRs First Investigation Reports registered only 354 persons were held Human Rights Commission of Pakistan HRCP website . In the same period 3 669 cases of rape were reported 1 898 were gang raped. Only 481 accused were ever held HRCP website . On average at least two women were burned every day in domes- tic violence incidents. Approximately 70 to 90 percent of Pakistani women experience spousal abuse. A woman is raped every two hours in Pakistan and in Punjab a woman is raped every six hours and gang-raped every four days HRCP website . As many as 88 percent of female prisoners are serving time for violating the 1977 zina ordinance which makes fornication a crime and adultery a state offence National Commission on the Status of Women in Pakistan 1995 . The above-mentioned statistics are not peculiar to Pakistan. Almost all South Asian and many other countries exhibit similar oppression of women. The reason for citing these statistics is not to paint a victim image of Pakistani women rather the purpose is to show the extent of violence and its gendered nature in the face of which Pakistani women have used their agency to their own advantage. In this chap- ter I historicize women in relation to the state in Pakistan. My main purpose is not to provide a historical context for these notions but to trace the contours of the discourses of gender relations and the state through the Foucauldian strategy of archaeology . how these 52 Education and Gendered Citizenship in Pakistan discourses came about. I also briefly trace a genealogy of these dis- courses to uncover the processes of inclusion and exclusion fixation of meaning moments creation of a body of floating signs . ele- ments .