Đang chuẩn bị liên kết để tải về tài liệu:
Radionuclide Concentrations in Foor and the Environment - Chapter 4

Các loại nước khác nhau bao gồm hơn 2 / 3 bề mặt trái đất.Điều này tài nguyên là cực kỳ quan trọng đối với đời sống con người: nước được sử dụng cho tiêu thụ trực tiếp, nó được sử dụng trong sản xuất thực phẩm, nó được sử dụng cho nhiều hoạt động công nghiệp, vv Vì vậy, phóng xạ hiện diện trong nước có thể đạt đến con người và môi trường thông qua các cơ chế khác nhau | 4 Radionuclide Concentrations in Water José Luis Mas Manuel García-León Rafael Garcia-Tenorio and Juan Pedro Bolivar CONTENTS 4.1 Introduction.60 4.2 Radionuclides in Rivers and Lakes Levels and Behavior.60 4.3 Radionuclides in the Sea and Ocean.68 4.3.1 System Overview.68 4.3.2 Sources and Sinks of Natural Radionuclides in the Ocean.70 4.3.3 TENORM-Related Pollution Cases.75 4.3.4 Artificial Radionuclides in the Oceanic Ecosystem.76 4.3.4.1 Fissile Materials and Transuranide Activation Products.77 4.3.4.2 Fission Fragments and Other Activation Products.79 4.4 Radioactivity in Rainwater.83 4.4.1 Introduction.83 4.4.2 The Presence of Radioactivity in Rainwater Sources and Pathways.84 4.4.2.1 Natural Radioactivity.84 4.4.2.2 Man-Made Radioactivity .84 4.4.3 Levels and Distribution .85 4.4.3.1 Natural Radioactivity .85 4.4.3.2 Man-Made Radioactivity .86 4.5 Radionuclides in Groundwater.91 4.5.1 Introduction.91 4.5.2 Radionuclide Fractionation in Groundwater.92 4.5.3 Some Application Cases.95 4.6 Radioactivity in Drinking Water .98 4.6.1 Introduction.98 4.6.2 The Presence of Radioactivity in Drinking Water.99 59 2007 by Taylor Francis Group LLC 60 Radionuclide Concentrations in Food and the Environment 4.6.2.1 Natural Radioactivity.99 4.6.2.2 Man-Made Radioactivity.99 4.6.2.3 Levels.99 4.6.3 Dose Assessment.101 References.102 4.1 INTRODUCTION Different kinds of water cover more than two thirds of the Earth s surface. This resource is extremely important for human life water is used for direct consumption it is used in the production of food it is used for many industrial activities etc. Thus radioactivity present in water can reach humans and the environment through many different mechanisms. Water is a medium for the transport and interaction of radionuclides with and within different compartments of the troposphere soils sediments crustal rocks biota and even air are continuously exchanging their radioactive contents with water. The nature of the compartment .