Đang chuẩn bị liên kết để tải về tài liệu:
Leadership Processes and Follower Self-Identity phần 7

(ví dụ, Cable & Thẩm phán, năm 1996), bản án nhân sự được thực hiện bởi nhà tuyển dụng (Kristoff-Brown, năm 2000); và sự hài lòng tối hậu, cam kết, và doanh thu các ý định của nhân viên (ví dụ như Bretz & Thẩm phán năm 1994, Cable & Thẩm phán, 1996). | 6. LEADERSHIP AND EMOTIONS 143 Cognitive and Affective Encoding of Leadership Events Cognitive Assessments of Emotional Processes. Although information given in the previous sections suggest that emotions are an important part of leadership processes they also suggest that there will be substantial problems using traditional questionnaire-based methodologies to investigate the specifics of emotional leadership processes. One problem is that emotions are automatic often having effects that are unrecognized and they involve primitive nonverbal mechanisms. Consequently the specifics of emotional processes associated with leadership are unlikely to be symbolically represented in a way that can be accessed directly through the questionnaire methodology generally used to describe leadership processes. For example the emotions of charismatic leaders may influence followers by an emotional contagion process that involves facial mimicry and the effects of facial expressions on emotions that were described earlier in this chapter Cherulnik et al. 2001 . Subordinates are likely to be unaware of such processes. Furthermore charismatic leaders maintain more eye contact with followers which makes these leaders more central in followers visual fields. Visual salience in turn affects followers assessments of leader causality for outcomes Phillips Lord 1981 . Thus emotion-relevant nonverbal behavior can affect more cognitive aspects of secondary appraisal such as assessment of causality. In short even though the overall result of emotional episodes will affect many types of questionnaire-based ratings of leadership behaviors this does not mean that the nature of emotional processes can be revealed by questionnaire methodologies. Thus new ways of thinking about and assessing leadership are required. The inability of subjects to describe the specific emotional processes associated with leadership adequately is clearly shown in an experiment conducted by Naidoo and Lord 2002b . They .