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Cú pháp tiếng anh part 7

61 (4)(a) I can’t find my pen (b) I think I left it at home (c) Why do I always lose things? the two italicised occurrences of the subject pronoun I can be given a null spellout because in each case I is the first word in the sentence, but not other occurrences of I – as we see from (5) below: (5)(a) Can’t find my pen (c) *Why do always lose things? (b) Think I left it at home/*Think left it at home However, not all sentence-initial subjects can be truncated (e.g. we can’t truncate He in a sentence like He. | 61 4 a I can t find my pen b I think I left it at home c Why do I always lose things the two italicised occurrences of the subject pronoun I can be given a null spellout because in each case I is the first word in the sentence but not other occurrences of I - as we see from 5 below 5 a Can t find my pen c Why do always lose things b Think I left it at home Think left it at home However not all sentence-initial subjects can be truncated e.g. we can t truncate He in a sentence like He is tired giving Is tired the precise nature of the constraints on truncation are unclear. A third type of null subject found in English are nonfinite null subjects found in nonfinite clauses which don t have an overt subject. In this connection compare the structure of the bracketed infinitive clauses in the a and b examples below 6 a We would like you to stay b We would like to stay 7 a We don t want anyone to upset them b We don t want to upset them Each of the bracketed infinitive complement clauses in the a examples in 6 and 7 contains an overt italicised subject. By contrast the bracketed complement clauses in the b examples appear to be subjectless. However we shall argue that apparently subjectless infinitive clauses contain a null subject. The particular kind of null subject found in the bracketed clauses in the b examples has the same grammatical and referential properties as a pronoun and hence appears to be a null pronoun. In order to differentiate it from the null littlepro subject found in finite clauses in null subject languages like Italian it is conventionally designated as PRO and referred to as big PRO . Given this assumption a sentence such as 6b will have a parallel structure to 6a except that the bracketed TP has an overt pronoun you as its subject in 6a but a null pronoun PRO as its subject in 6b - as shown below Using the relevant technical terminology we can say that the null PRO subject in 8 is controlled by i.e. refers back to the subject we of the matrix .