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ENVIRONMENT AND CRIME IN THE INNER CITY

The guidelines provide a framework of approaches and tools that can be applied in different degrees of depth and breath, according to the level of resources and capacities of each city. Therefore, they provide a useful reference for any city, regardless of its size or level of devel- opment. How to read these guidelines The guidelines address why it is important to build urban infrastructure in an eco-effi cient and inclusive way (part 1), what strategies planners can use to ensure eco-effi cient and inclusive outcomes (part 2) and how they can use the strategies throughout a strategic planning cycle. | ENVIRONMENT AND CRIME IN THE INNER CITY Does Vegetation Reduce Crime FRANCES E. KUO is an assistant professor and codirector of the Human-Environment Research Laboratory at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. Her research focuses on attention defensible space and novice-friendly information. WILLIAM C. SULLIVAN is an associate professor and codirector of the HumanEnvironment Research Laboratory at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. His researchfocuses on the psychological and social benefits of urban nature and citizen participation in environmental decision making. ABSTRACT Although vegetation has been positively linked to fear of crime and crime in a number of settings recent findings in urban residential areas have hinted at a possible negative relationship Residents living in greener surroundings report lower levels of fear fewer incivilities and less aggressive and violent behavior. This study used police crime reports to examine the relationship between vegetation and crime in an inner-city neighborhood. Crime rates for 98 apartment buildings with varying levels of nearby vegetation were compared. Results indicate that although residents were randomly assigned to different levels of nearby vegetation the greener a building s surroundings were the fewer crimes reported. Furthermore this pattern held for both property crimes and violent crimes. The relationship of vegetation to crime held after the number of apartments per building building height vacancy rate and number of occupied units per building were accounted for. The highway from one merchant town to another shall be cleared so that no cover for malefactors should be allowed for a width of two hundred feet on either side landlords who do not effect this clearance will be answerable for robberies committed in consequence of their default and in case of murder they will be in the king s mercy. Statute of Winchester of 1285 Chapter V King Edward I AUTHORS NOTE A portion of these findings