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GNU C Library Application Fundamentals

A comprehensive guide to implementing the standard C libraries which are both POSIX & OPEN/X compliant. Contains the most commonly used functions, such as: opening, reading, and closing files; screen I/O; performing math; character and string manipulation; and memory allocation. Contains code examples and usage recommendations. Every programmer, from first year students to experienced programmers, will find this book useful. | The GNU C Library Application Fundamentals For GNU C Libraries version 2.3.x by Sandra Loosemore with Richard M. Stallman Roland McGrath Andrew Oram and Ulrich Drepper This manual documents the GNU C Libraries version 2.3.x. ISBN 1-882114-22-1 First Printing March 2004. Published by GNU Press a division of the Free Software Foundation 51 Franklin St Fifth Floor Boston MA 02110-1301 USA Website www.gnupress.org General press@gnu.org Orders sales@gnu.org Tel 617-542-5942 Fax 617-542-2652 Copyright 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Free Software Foundation Permission is granted to copy distribute and or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation with the Invariant Sections being Free Software and Free Manuals the GNU Free Documentation License and the GNU Lesser General Public License with the Front Cover Texts being A GNU Manual and with the Back Cover Texts as in a below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled GNU Free Documentation License . a The Back Cover Text is You are free to copy and modify this GNU Manual. Buying copies from GNU Press supports the FSF in developing GNU and promoting software freedom. Cover art by Etienne Suvasa. Cover design by Jonathan Richard. Printed in USA. i Short Contents 1 Introduction. 1 2 Error Reporting.17 3 Virtual Memory Allocation and Paging.39 4 Character Handling.79 5 String and Array Utilities.89 6 Character-Set Handling. 133 7 Locales and Internationalization. 181 8 Mathematics.203 9 Arithmetic Functions. 243 10 Date and Time. 277 11 Message Translation.315 12 Searching and Sorting. 343 13 Pattern Matching. 355 14 The Basic Program System Interface.379 15 Input Output Overview.429 16 Debugging Support.435 17 Input Output on Streams. 439 A Summary of Library Facilities.521 B Contributors to the GNU C Library. 587 C Free Software Needs Free Documentation.591 D GNU Lesser General Public License.593 E GNU .