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WOMEN’S HEALTH AND SMOKING

In this paper, we consider the extent to which these quality of life issues are supported by governmental action in Canada and four comparison nations. The information relevant to these issues comes primarily from two types of data sources: indicator analyses from international reports and intensive and detailed policy analyses of two policy issues of particular importance to women: childcare provision and gov- ernmental support for community-based long-term care. Canadian data are contrasted with those from Den- mark, Sweden, the UK, and the US. These nations have been chosen for an obvious reason: Denmark and Sweden are nations with a predominantly social welfare approach to social policy, especially in rela- tion to issues of concern. | r Campaign _ Ệór r Tobago-Free Kick WOMEN S HEALTH AND SMOKING In the United States more than 20 million adult women and more than 1.3 million girls currently smoke cigarettes putting them at risk for heart attacks strokes lung cancer emphysema and other lifethreatening illnesses.1 As a result more than 170 000 women die of smoking-caused disease each year with additional deaths caused by the use of other tobacco products such as smokeless tobacco. While smoking harms and kills both males and females women smokers face even greater health risks from smoking than men. Today about one out of every six high school girls currently smoke 16.1 percent 2 and 16.5 percent of women still smoke.3 Mortality Each year more than 170 000 U.S. women die from smoking-caused diseases.4 Approximately four million women in the United States have died prematurely from smoking related diseases since the release of the Surgeon General s initial report on women and tobacco in 1980.5 About 2.1 million years of potential life of U.S women are lost prematurely each year due to smoking related diseases.6 Cardiovascular Disease Cardiovascular diseases are the number one killers of both men and women. Each year more than 450 000 women die of these diseases.7 Cardiovascular diseases caused by smoking include coronary heart disease atherosclerosis and stroke among others.8 Women who smoke are twice as likely to suffer a heart attack as non-smoking women. The risk of developing coronary heart disease increases with the number of cigarettes smoked per day the total number of smoking years and earlier age of initiation.9 Women smokers have a higher relative risk of developing cardiovascular disease than men. The reasons for the difference are not yet known but could be due to tobacco smoke having an adverse effect on estrogen.10 Women who smoke and use oral contraceptives are up to 40 times more likely to have a heart attack than women who neither smoke nor use birth control.11 While women smoke .