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Visualizing Project Management Models and frameworks for mastering complex systems 3rd phần 7

Kiểm soát cung cấp Công ty kỹ thuật, chi phí, và lịch trình linh hoạt mục tiêu sở hữu kết quả lao động và vật liệu tỷ lệ lao động khoản mức giá ban đầu chi tiêu tỷ lệ và số lượng Chi phí nghiên cứu đáng tin cậy trước khi kinh nghiệm hoặc phát triển với tiến bộ công nghệ của người bán cổ phiếu | 262 THE TEN MANAGEMENT ELEMENTS IN DETAIL Table 14.2 Summary of Contract Types Type Application Control Provided Fixed price Reliable prior cost experience Firm technical cost and schedule Cost reimbursement Research or development with advancing technology Flexible objectives Cost sharing Seller shares cost in return for use of technology Result ownership Time and material Not possible to estimate the task beforehand Labor and material rates Labor hour Like time and material but labor only Labor rates Indefinite quantity Establishes price when quantity and schedule are uncertain Item price Letter Limited project start without completed negotiations Initial spending rate and amount Data Control A data manager should control contract data and approved baseline artifacts. Typical tools include a project library and a computerbased document management system. Self-Control Self-control operates at the most personal level. This kind of control is infectious. Setting a good example includes Being on time to work and to meetings. Demonstrating high personal standards. Remaining centered in times of stress. Delivering to all promises. and controlling the pen by Authoring straw-man documents. Proposing agendas. Recording action items. Reviewing and signing letters. Management by Objectives Management by Objectives MBOs can supplement or in some cases substitute for the Project Work Authorizing Agreements PWAA in- PROJECT CONTROL 263 troduced earlier as the planning technique to control work authorization and release. Conversely managing with definitive PWAAs can be thought of as MBO in its most effective form. In either approach the corporate accounting system should provide cost accounting down to the task level in order to measure cost performance against the PWAA MBO commitment and to provide early in-process warning of variances and unfavorable trends. In the absence of a WBS PWAA system a rigorous MBO system can accomplish many of their control functions. MBO is also a