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Principles of Air Quality Management - Chapter 4

Nguồn và phương pháp đo lường Tôi sẽ không ở đây nhiều âm điệu khi bản chất của Smoaks, và thở ra từ những thứ bị cháy, . của tất cả các tài liệu phổ biến và quen thuộc phát ra nó, sử dụng các quá độ, và niềm đam mê với biển coale . phơi bày nó đến một trong những fowlest bất tiện và reproches có thể có thể xảy cao quý, và nếu không, thành phố không thể so sánh. . Và, không phải từ các đám cháy ẩm thực . nhưng từ một số tunnells đặc biệt. | 4 Sources and Measurement Methodologies I shall not here much descant upon the nature of Smoaks and other exhalations from things burnt . that of all the common and familiar materials which emit it the immoderate use of and indulgence to Sea-coale . exposes it to one of the fowlest Inconveniences and reproches that can possibly befall so noble and otherwise incomparable City. . And that not from the culinary fires . but from some peculiar tunnells . one of whose spiracles alone does manifestly infect the Aer more then all the Chimnies of London put together. Fumifugium 1661 As a society we have moved from concerns for short-term acute health effects because of high levels of air pollution to lower levels of air pollution and chronic effects. It becomes even more important that we understand the relative contributions of man-made as opposed to naturally occurring emission sources. It is helpful to group air contaminant emissions into broad categories before attempting to choose effective management strategies. For convenience we consider air contaminants to be emitted from three major categories geogenic biogenic and anthropogenic. The first two refer to essentially natural air pollution whereas the latter refers to the activities of mankind. It is important to keep the relative contributions of each category in mind in our air quality management strategy development. Certain of these sources have the air quality advantage of being widely dispersed around the earth s surface. Only 21 of the earth s surface is solid land and of that only a fraction has population densities sufficient to experience the air pollution effects of man s activities. Early methods of evaluating sources of air pollution were purely qualitative as seen in the opening excerpt from Fumifugium. Man-made emissions were generally evaluated using the human senses visible emissions smokes and odors though elements were known for their job-related health effects such as arsenic and sulfur. Natural .