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Ebook A Student's introduction to English grammar Phần 2

A Student's introduction to English grammar. This book is intended for students in colleges or universities who have little or no previous background in grammar, and presupposes no linguis­ tics. It contains exercises and a wealth of other features, and will provide a basis for introductions to grammar and courses on the structure of english. Students will achieve an accurate understanding of grammar. | Clause type asking exclaiming and directing 1 Clause type and speech acts 159 2 Interrogatives and questions 161 3 Exclamatives 168 4 Imperatives and directives 170 5 Minor clause types 172 1 Clause type and speech acts Philosophers use the tenn speech acts for things you can do with sentences of your language - things like making statements asking questions issuing commands or uttering exclamations. All of these speech acts can of course be perfonned with written language too. Which of these you can do with a given sentence depends to a large extent on its syntactic fonn. The syntax of English distinguishes a set of clause types that are characteristically used to perfonn different kinds of speech acts. The major types are the five illustrated in I 1 i DECLARATIVE You are very tactful. ii CLOSED INTERROGATIVE Are you very tactful iii OPEN INTERROGATIVE How tactful are you iv EXCLAMATIVE How tactful you are V IMPERATIVE Be very tactful. See 2 below for an explanation of closed versus open interrogatives. Although the correspondence between these clause types and the speech acts they can be used to perform is not one-to-one speech acts do have a characteristic correlation with clause types. We show the default correlation in 2 2 CLAUSE TYPE CHARACTERISTIC SPEECH ACT i declarative making a statement ii closed interrogative asking a closed question iii open interrogative asking an open question iv exclamative making an exclamatory statement v imperative issuing a directive 159 160 Chapter 9 Clause type asking exclaiming and directing fl Directive covers commands instructions requests entreaties and the like. A closed question is one with a closed set of answers. For example there are just two answers to the closed question Is Sue here - namely Yes she s here and No she isn t here. Where is Sue by contrast is an open question the set of answers is open-ended. The correlations in 2 could provide for general definitions of the clause types. For example the imperative .