Đang chuẩn bị liên kết để tải về tài liệu:
Microbivores: Artificial Mechanical Phagocytes using Digest and Discharge Protocol

Because of the diversity of the types of systems, fluids, and environments in which valves must operate, a vast array of valve types have been developed. Examples of the common types are the globe valve, gate valve, ball valve, plug valve, butterfly valve, diaphragm valve, check valve, pinch valve, and safety valve. Each type of valve has been designed to meet specific needs. Some valves are capable of throttling flow, other valve types can only stop flow, others work well in corrosive systems, and others handle high pressure fluids. Each valve type has certain inherent advantages and disadvantages. Understanding these differences and how they effect the valve's. | Journal of rp Evolution Technology A peer-reviewed electronic journal published by the Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies ISSN 1541-0099 Microbivores Artificial Mechanical Phagocytes using Digest and Discharge Protocol Robert A. Freitas Jr. Senior Research Fellow Institute for Molecular Manufacturing Copyright 2001-2004 Robert A. Freitas Jr. All Rights Reserved Journal of Evolution and Technology - Vol. 14 - April 2005 http jetpress.org volume14 freitas.html Abstract Nanomedicine offers the prospect of powerful new tools for the treatment of human diseases and the improvement of human biological systems using molecular nanotechnology. This paper presents a theoretical nanorobot scaling study for artificial mechanical phagocytes of microscopic size called microbivores whose primary function is to destroy microbiological pathogens found in the human bloodstream using a digest and discharge protocol. The microbivore is an oblate spheroidal nanomedical device measuring 3.4 microns in diameter along its major axis and 2.0 microns in diameter along its minor axis consisting of 610 billion precisely arranged structural atoms in a gross geometric volume of 12.1 micron3. The device may consume up to 200 pW of continuous power while completely digesting trapped microbes at a maximum throughput of 2 micron3 of organic material per 30-second cycle. Microbivores are up to 1000 times faster-acting than either natural or antibiotic-assisted biological phagocytic defenses and are 80 times more efficient as phagocytic agents than macrophages in terms of volume sec digested per unit volume of phagocytic agent. ROBERT FREITAS 1. Introduction Nanomedicine 1 LINK 192 LINK offers the prospect of powerful new tools for the treatment of human diseases and the improvement of human biological systems. Previous papers have explored theoretical designs for artificial mechanical red cells respirocytes 2 LINK and artificial mechanical platelets clottocytes 3 LINK . This paper .