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THE BIOFORE COMPANY MAKING PAPER

A comparison of mill capacity in China with capacity in North America and Europe provides further perspective on the pollution management problem. Papermills in North American and Europe range from several hundred thousand to two million tons of annual capacity. In contrast, the capacity of the largest mill in China is only 250,000 tons and any mill over 30,000 tons is classified as “large”. China has more than one thousand state-owned and collective mills, and nine times as many other (private, or township and village enterprise) operations, almost all with capacities under ten thousand tons. China’s large number of mills. | The Biofore Company UP1VI MAKING PAPER CONTENTS 2 MAKING PAPER. 4 RESOURCES. 6 Waler energy and wood procurement. Ó Wood fibres. 7 Recycled fibres. 7 PULPING. 8 Mechanical pulp. 9 Chemical pulp. 9 Recycled fibre pulp. 10 Pulp bleaching. 10 PAPER MANUFACTURE.12 Paper structure. 12 Paper machine. 12 Headbox. 14 Wire section. 14 Press section. 14 Drying section. 14 Reeler. 14 Surface treatments and finishing. 1Ó Surface sizing. 17 Glazing and calendering. 17 Coating. 17 Supercalendering. 18 Winding sheet cutting and wrapping. 18 CHARACTERISTICS OF PAPER.20 Technical characteristics. 21 Basis weight.21 Density. 21 Bulk.21 Strength.21 Roughness.21 Fibre direction.21 Optical characteristics.22 Brightness.22 Whiteness.22 Opacity.22 Gloss.23 Runnabilily. 23 Printability.23 PAPER GRADES.24 Printing papers.25 Woodfree coated papers WFC .25 Woodfree uncoated papers WFUJ. 2Ó Coated mechanical papers. 2Ó Uncoated mechanical papers. 27 Newsprint.28 Cutsize papers.28 Preprint papers.28 Envelope papers.29 Digital printing papers. 29 Speciality papers. 29 Sack papers.29 Bag papers.30 Technical papers.30 Flexible packaging papers.30 Label papers.30 PRINTING METHODS.34 Coldset web offset CSWO .35 deatset web offset HSWO .35 Rotogravure RG . 35 Sheet fed offset SFO .35 Digital printing. 3Ó Letterpress. 3Ó Flexography. 3Ó PAPER AND THE ENVIRONMENT.33 Sustainable raw materials.38 Environmental performance.40 Product safely.40 END USES OF UPM PAPERS.42 ABBREVIATIONS.47