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Báo cáo khoa học: "Instance-Driven Attachment of Semantic Annotations over Conceptual Hierarchies"

Whether automatically extracted or human generated, open-domain factual knowledge is often available in the form of semantic annotations (e.g., composed-by) that take one or more specific instances (e.g., rhapsody in blue, george gershwin) as their arguments. This paper introduces a method for converting flat sets of instance-level annotations into hierarchically organized, concept-level annotations, which capture not only the broad semantics of the desired arguments (e.g., ‘People’ rather than ‘Locations’), but also the correct level of generality (e.g., ‘Composers’ rather than ‘People’, or ‘Jazz Composers’). The method refrains from encoding features specific to a particular domain or annotation, to ensure. | Instance-Driven Attachment of Semantic Annotations over Conceptual Hierarchies Janara Christensen University of Washington Seattle Washington 98195 janara@cs.washington.edu Marius Pa ca Google Inc. Mountain View California 94043 mars@google.com Abstract Whether automatically extracted or human generated open-domain factual knowledge is often available in the form of semantic annotations e.g. composed-by that take one or more specific instances e.g. rhapsody in blue george gershwin as their arguments. This paper introduces a method for converting flat sets of instance-level annotations into hierarchically organized concept-level annotations which capture not only the broad semantics of the desired arguments e.g. People rather than Locations but also the correct level of generality e.g. Composers rather than People or Jazz Composers . The method refrains from encoding features specific to a particular domain or annotation to ensure immediate applicability to new previously unseen annotations. Over a gold standard of semantic annotations and concepts that best capture their arguments the method substantially outperforms three baselines on average computing concepts that are less than one step in the hierarchy away from the corresponding gold standard concepts. 1 Introduction Background Knowledge about the world can be thought of as semantic assertions or annotations at two levels of granularity instance level e.g. rhapsody in blue tristan und isolde george gershwin richard wagner and concept level e.g. Musical Compositions Works of Art Composers . Instance-level annotations correspond to factual knowledge that can be found in repositories extracted automatically from text Banko et al. 2007 Wu and Weld 2010 Contributions made during an internship at Google. or manually created within encyclopedic resources Remy 2002 . Such facts could state for instance that rhapsody in blue was composed-by george gershwin or that tristan und isolde was composed-by richard wagner. In .