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technology transfer several factors have led to a decline in partnership

Tham khảo sách 'technology transfer several factors have led to a decline in partnership', kỹ thuật - công nghệ, cơ khí - chế tạo máy phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | GAO United States General Accounting Office__ Report to the Chairman Committee on Energy and Natural Resources U.S. Senate April 2002 TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER Several Factors Have Led to a Decline in Partnerships at DOE s Laboratories A A GAO Accountability Integrity Reliability GAO-02-465 Ax5Ccurr MltY United States General Accounting Office Washington DC 20548 April 19 2002 The Honorable Jeff Bingaman Chairman Committee on Energy and Natural Resources United States Senate Dear Mr. Chairman Since 1980 the Congress has enacted several laws designed to make federally funded technology available to the public by facilitating the transfer of technology from federal laboratories to U.S. businesses. in particular the National Competitiveness Technology Transfer Act of 1989 authorized federal laboratories operated by contractors including the Department of Energy s DOE national laboratories to enter into cooperative research and development agreements CRADAs that are consistent with the laboratories missions. Under a CRADA the partner and DOE laboratory agree to jointly conduct research and typically sliare the research costs. By fiscal year 1992. DOE s national laboratories were among the leading federal laboratories participating in CRADAs with businesses universities and other partners. In addition to CRADAs DOE s laboratories have participated in technology partnerships by providing technical assistance to small businesses. DOE s laboratories have also transferred technology to businesses and other nonfederal entities without using partnerships by I work-forothers1 agreements in which laboratory scientists perform specified research and the business pays full costs 2 licensing their technology to businesses and 3 making specialized user facilities available. To further encourage DOE s laboratories to enter into CRADAs and provide technical assistance the Congress began providing funding specifically designated for technology partnerships in fiscal year 1Ỡ91. However in .