Đang chuẩn bị liên kết để tải về tài liệu:
Global tree plantation expansion: a review

Natural rubber (NR) consumers are conscious of high quality, consistency and cleanliness of raw materials that they buy. Industrial standard series ISO 9000 emphasises quality control, which is required in the rubber manufacturing industry. Since its inception in 1987, the ISO 9000 scheme has spread throughout Europe and the world. Realizing the importance of this matter, Thai Industrial standards Institute, The Federation of Thai Industries and The Thai Rubber Association jointly arranged the ISO 9000 workshop training for 8 concentrated latex factories in Songkhla and Surathance province, southern Thailand, for the period of 9 months, starting from December 1996. | ICAS Review Paper Series No. 3 Global tree plantation expansion a review Markus Kroger October 2012 Published jointly by Initiatives in Critical Agrarian Studies ICAS Land Deal Politics Initiative LDPI and Transnational Institute TNI . We acknowledge the financial support by Inter-Church Organization for Development Cooperation ICCO the Netherlands. Markus Kroger is currently an Academy of Finland Postdoctoral Researcher at University of Helsinki Department of Political and Economic Studies Political Science Unioninkatu 37 PO Box 54 00014 University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland e-mail markus.kroger@gmail.com . Find out more on ICAS and LDPI at http www.iss.nl icas and on TNI s Agrarian Justice work at http www.tni.org work-area agrarian-justic.e Global tree plantation expansion a review Markus Kroger Abstract This article reviews the recent global expansion of different types of tree plantations. The review collates accounts from recent academic publications and by international regional and local NGOs and is accompanied by field research and interview observations about the causal processes central features and likely futures of contemporary tree plantation expansion. This article offers the largest and most up-to-date review of tree plantations and tree plantation studies in the world and the very latest research and data is surveyed. Class North-South socio-ecological and agrarian political economic dynamics in expansion are discussed. Results indicate there are differences - depending on whether smallholder or industrial tree plantations are expanded - but also common problems. The literature on environmental and developmental impacts of expansion is also surveyed. Keywords industrial tree plantations plantation forestry fast-growth trees landuse change large-scale land deals exotic tree species green economy. Introduction This article is the first attempt to comprehensively review the current academic and other knowledge on the expansion of tree plantations .