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Para Rubber Study Hevea brasiliensis Lao P.D.R.

From each plot plant specimens for further herbarium identification were collected. The entire specimen collection has been left with botanist Vu Van Can in Hanoi. All specimens were conserved in alcohol before drying and identification. Some specimens were identified in the field, others later in Hanoi. Genus and species names follow the nomenclature used in Iconographia Cormophytorum Sinicorum (Chinese Academy of Science, Institute of Plant Research 1972– 1976), Cây cỏ Việt Nam (Pham Hoang Ho 1993), Vietnam Forest Trees (Forest Inventory and Planning Institute 1996), Yunnan Kexue Chubanshe (Yunnan Shumu Tuzhi 1990) and the International Plant Names Index database. | Lao - German Program Rural Development in Mountainous Areas of Northern Lao PDR Para Rubber Study Hevea brasiliensis Lao P.D.R. Charles Alton David Bluhm Somsouk Sananikone 2005 i Table of Contents GLOSSARY OF TERMS ABBREVIATIONS.V ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.VIII CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION.1 Objectives and Scope of the Study.1 comments on tor.1 Study.2 Study team.2 Approach and methods.2 Study report.3 CHAPTER 2 - BACKGROUND.4 CHAPTER 3 - THAILAND.8 Livelihood Systems in Isaan.9 RUBBER in livelihoods System.9 Institutional factors.10 Rubber Research.10 Office of Rubber Replanting Aid Fund ORRAF .11 Bank of Agriculture and Cooperatives.12 Private Sector.12 environmental problems. 12 CHAPTER 4 - CHINA.13 CHAPTER 5 - BAAN HAT NYAO FIRST RUBBER VILLAGE.18 Background.18 History.18 livelihoods Systems.19 capital.21 performance.22 community Organization.23 Rubber Grower s Association.23 Village Rubber Grower s Association Fund VRGAF .25 leadership. 25 Sampled households in Baan hat Nyao.26 RUBBER TREE Cultivation preparation and establishment Stage.27 Land.27 Labor.28 Capital.28 Immature Stage - maintenance.29 ii Mature Stage - TAPPING YEARS 9-11 .30 Rubber Production.32 Rubber Marketing.32 BAAN Hat Nyao Financial Analysis.33 CHAPTER 6 - OTHER VILLAGES IN LUANG NAM THA.36 BAAN Huay dam.36 General Background.36 Farming System and Natural Resources.36 Rubber Cultivation.37 Threats to Village Land Resources.39 Conclusions.40 Meuang Sing.41 Khet Meuang Mom Akha and BAAN Oudomsin YAO .42 district agriculture and Planning offices.43 NAM Ha NPA.44 CHAPTER 7 - RUBBER TECHNOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS47 forest and Watershed considerations.47 TECHNOLOGY fertilizers. 51 TECHNOLOGY RUBBER CLONAL Varieties.52 TECHNOLOGY TAPPING techniques. 54 TECHNOLOGY nursery Management.55 TECHNOLOGY CONTOUR Planting.56 TECHNOLOGY disease Control.56 TECHNOLOGY information Sources.56 TECHNOLOGY Abiotic and Biophysical aspects.57 TECHNOLOGY Agroforestry and Cropping Systems for rubber.59 Cropping Systems .