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STEAM JET REFRIGERATION INDIRECT REFRIGERATION 62.7.1 Use of Ice SYSTEM COMPONENTS 62.8.1 Compressors 62.8.2 Condensers 62.8.3 Evaporators 62.8.4 Expansion Devices DEFROSTMETHODS 62.9.1 Hot Refrigerant Gas Defrost 62.9.2 Air and Water Defrost SYSTEM DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS REFRIGERATION SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS 1894 1894 1897 1897 1897 1901 1903 1905 1909 1909 1910 1910 1910 1881 1881 1882 | CHAPTER 62 REFRIGERATION Dennis L. O Neal Texas A M University College Station Texas K. W. Cooper K. E. Hickman Borg Warner Corporation York Pennsylvania 62.1 INTRODUCTION 1879 62.6 STEAM JET 62.2 BASIC PRINCIPLES 1880 62.3 REFRIGERATION CYCLES AND SYSTEM OVERVIEW 1881 62.3.1 Closed-Cycle Operation 1881 62.3.2 Open-Cycle Operation 1882 62.4 REFRIGERANTS 1883 62.4.1 Regulations on the Production and Use of Refrigerants 1888 62.4.2 Refrigerant Selection for the Closed Cycle 1888 62.4.3 Refrigerant Selection for the Open Cycle 1891 62.5 ABSORPTION SYSTEMS 1891 62.5.1 Water-Lithium Bromide Absorption Chillers 1892 62.5.2 Ammonia-Water Absorption Systems 1893 REFRIGERATION 1894 62.7 INDIRECT REFRIGERATION 1894 62.7.1 Use of Ice 1897 62.8 SYSTEM COMPONENTS 1897 62.8.1 Compressors 1897 62.8.2 Condensers 1901 62.8.3 Evaporators 1903 62.8.4 Expansion Devices 1905 62.9 DEFROST METHODS 1909 62.9.1 Hot Refrigerant Gas Defrost 1909 62.9.2 Air and Water Defrost 1910 62.10 SYSTEM DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 1910 62.11 REFRIGERATION SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS 1910 62.1 INTRODUCTION Refrigeration is the use of mechanical or heat-activated machinery for cooling purposes. The use of refrigeration equipment to produce temperatures below -150 C is known as cryogenics. When refrigeration equipment is used to provide human comfort it is called air conditioning. This chapter focuses primarily on refrigeration applications covering such diverse uses as food processing and storage supermarket display cases skating rinks ice manufacture and biomedical applications such as blood and tissue storage or hypothermia used in surgery. The first patent on a mechanically driven refrigeration system was issued to Jacob Perkins in 1834 in London.2 The system used ether as the refrigerant. The first viable commercial system was produced in 1857 by James Harrison and D. E. Siebe and used ethyl ether as the refrigerant.2 Revised from Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology 3rd ed. Volume 20 Wiley New York .