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Interventions linking gender relations and violence with reproductive health and HIV: rationale, effectiveness and gaps

As with all medical practice in the United States, safety in reproductive medicine is assured by a combination of state and federal government regulation and professional self-regulation that includes facility accreditation and practitioner certification. On the state level, there is a strict physician licensure system. On the federal level, several agencies enforce standards and practices designed to protect public health and safety. Several national groups accredit laboratories as well. In the realm of professional self- regulation, an on-going system of quality assurance includes specialty training and certification of physicians, accreditation of clinics and ethical and practice guidelines developed by professional organizations through consensus and evidence | Interventions linking gender relations and violence with reproductive health and HIV rationale effectiveness and gaps Jane Chege abstract . The past decade has witnessed much attention on the interrelationship between accepted gender norms and reproductive health RH outcomes in the context of HIV AIDS. After decades of ignoring men in RH programmes attention is now focusing on actively involving men in interrogating gender norms underpinning gender-based violence GBV in the context of RH and HIV AIDS prevention care and support activities. However there are challenges in addressing gender norms and in male involvement. The purpose ofthis article is to highlight existing evidence-based efforts to challenge gender norms and promote constructive male involvement with a special focus on South Africa to present findings on effectiveness of gender and male-focused RH programmes and to identify knowledge and programme design-related gaps. This article argues that addressing biased gender norms and masculinities in an RH HIV policy and programme context will contribute to the improvement of the health and rights of women and children as well as of men. However achievement of these goals will be limited by a failure to address broader structural factors such as poverty and unemployment that shape gender relations and RH HIV outcomes. This will require getting RH HIV interventions out of the health box and into the arena of socio-economic development in collaboration with agencies working in these areas. keywords reproductive health HIV AIDS male involvement gender norms gender-based violence sexual abuse Introduction Feminist-inspired scholarship has shown gender as being not naturally given but as derived from the society in which individuals live. It involves a society s use of biological differences as the starting point to . define what it means to be male and female. In societies characterised by male dominance patriarchy gender is an expression of political power that