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Wireless Networking in the Developing World

Many designations used by manufacturers and vendors to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the authors were aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in all caps or initial caps. All other trademarks are property of their respective owners. The authors and publisher have taken due care in preparation of this book, but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the. | Wireless Networking in the Developing World Second Edition A practical guide to planning and building low-cost telecommunications infrastructure Wireless Networking in the Developing World For more information about this project visit us online at http wndw.net First edition January 2006 Second edition December 2007 Many designations used by manufacturers and vendors to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book and the authors were aware of a trademark claim the designations have been printed in all caps or initial caps. All other trademarks are property of their respective owners. The authors and publisher have taken due care in preparation of this book but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information contained herein. 2007 Hacker Friendly LLC http hackerfriendly.com SOME RIGHTS RESERVED This work is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 license. For more details regarding your rights to use and redistribute this work see http creativecommons.Org licenses by-sa 3.0 Contents Where to Begin 1 Purpose of this book.2 Fitting wireless into your existing network.3 Wireless networking protocols.3 Question Answer.5 A Practical Introduction to Radio Physics 9 What is a wave .9 Polarization.13 The electromagnetic spectrum.13 Bandwidth. .15 Frequencies and channels.15 Behavior of radio waves.15 Line of sight.22 Power.24 Physics in the real world.26 Network Design 27 Designing the physical network.51 802.11 wireless networks.54 Mesh networking with OLSR. 56 Estimating capacity.65 Traffic optimization.79 Internet link optimization. 89 More information.93 Antennas Transmission Lines 95 Cables. 95 Waveguides. 97 Connectors and adapters.100 Antennas radiation patterns. 102 Reflector theory.114 Amplifiers.115 .