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ENERGY STORAGE IN THE EMERGING ERA OF SMART GRIDS_1

Traditional electrical power systems were essentially based on centralized and fuel consuming power generation plants, where end-users were supplied via unidirectional transmission and distribution grids. The increasing demand for electrical energy and, at the same time, the need for reducing CO2 emissions are now changing these strongholds, and power systems are more and more integrated by “distributed generation” (DG), that is to say small and medium size generator plants managed by end-users (now called “prosumers”, to underline that they are both consumers and producers) and essentially based on renewables | ENERGY STORAGE IN THE EMERGING ERA OF SMART GRIDS Edited by Rosario Carbone INTECHWEB.ORG Energy Storage in the Emerging Era of Smart Grids Edited by Rosario Carbone Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9 51000 Rijeka Croatia Copyright 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license which permits to copy distribute transmit and adapt the work in any medium so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech authors have the right to republish it in whole or part in any publication of which they are the author and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials instructions methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Sandra Bakic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Jan Hyrat Image Copyright design56 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published September 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Energy Storage in the Emerging Era of Smart Grids Edited by Rosario Carbone p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-269-2 ikrrr iJ OPEN ACCESS INI Cvn PUBLISHER INTECH open free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at .