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Basic Air Pollution Meteorology

Field data are being integrated into well-developed and tested models to better understand and characterize aerosol pollution in Mexico City. The spatial, temporal, size, and chemical characteristics of specific emissions sources are needed to allow their contributions to PM concentrations to be distinguished from each other and to provide accurate inputs to air quality models. Source samples for motor vehicle exhaust, cooking and food preparation activities, and geological material are being characterized for chemical profiles (of both gaseous and particulate matter emissions) that will be used to estimate source contributions to PM10 and PM2.5 at receptors. Source and receptor-oriented models will be used, both together and independently,. | Basic Air Pollution Meteorology This course is designed for scientists engineers and other technical personnel who would like to gain an introductory level understanding of basic air pollution meteorology. Specifically this course focuses on the meteorological aspects that affect air pollution transport and dispersion in the ambient atmosphere. This course includes information on basic meteorology meteorological effects on air pollution meteorological instrumentation air quality modeling and the use of meteorology in regulatory programs. Self Instructional Manual APTI Course SI 409 Rev. April 2005 www.epa.gov apti Contents Figures.v Tables.vii Notation.viii Unit Conversion Factors.x Course Description.xi Lesson 1 Meteorology and the Atmosphere.1 Introduction.1 Composition of the Atmosphere.2 Layers of the Atmosphere.2 The Importance of Air Pollution Meteorology.3 Review Exercise.3 Lesson 2 Heat Balance of the Atmosphere.7 Radiation and Insolation.7 Solar Constant.8 Transparency.9 Daylight Duration.13 Angle of Rays.14 Heat Balance.15 Heat Distribution.15 Differential Heating.16 Transport of Heat.16 Global Distribution of Heat.16 Review Exercise.18 Lesson 3 The Dynamic Structure of the Atmosphere.22 Introduction.22 Atmospheric Circulation.23 Air Pressure.23 Wind.24 Coriolis Force.24 Pressure Gradient Force.25 Friction.26 Pressure Systems.29 Effects of Pacific High and Bermuda High on Air Pollution.30 General Circulation.30 Air Masses.33 Fronts.35 Frontal Trapping.38 Topographical Influences.39 Flat Terrain.40 Mountain Valley.42 Land Water.45 Urban.48 Review Exercise.49 Lesson 4 Vertical Motion and Atmospheric Stability.55 Introduction.55 Principles Related to Vertical Motion.56 Parcel.56 Buoyancy Factors.56 Lapse Rates.57 Dry Adiabatic.57 Wet Adiabatic.58 Environmental.59 Mixing Height.61 Atmospheric Stability.62 Unstable Conditions.62 Neutral Conditions.64 Stable Conditions.65 Conditional Stability and Instability.66 Illustration of Atmospheric Stability .