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Báo cáo khoa học: Marine toxins and the cytoskeleton: a new view of palytoxin toxicity

Palytoxin is a marine toxin first isolated from zoanthids (genusPalythoa), even though dinoflagellates of the genusOstreopsisare the most probable origin of the toxin.Ostreopsishas a wide distribution in tropical and sub-tropical areas, but recently these dinoflagellates have also started to appear in the Mediterranean Sea. | ỊFEBS Journal MINIREVIEW Marine toxins and the cytoskeleton a new view of palytoxin toxicity M. Carmen Louzao Isabel R. Ares and Eva Cagide Departamento de Farmacologia Facultad de Veterinaria Universidad de Santiago de Compostela Lugo Spain Keywords actin filament cytoskeleton ostreocin-D Ostreopsis ovatoxin-a palytoxin Correspondence M. C. Louzao Departamento de Farmacologia Facultad de Veterinaria Universidad de Santiago de Compostela Campus de Lugo 27002 Lugo Spain Fax 34 982 252 242 Tel 34 982 252 242 E-mail mcarmen.louzao@usc.es Received 7 July 2008 revised 12 September 2008 accepted 16 September 2008 doi 10.1111 j.1742-4658.2008.06712.x Palytoxin is a marine toxin first isolated from zoanthids genus Palythoa even though dinoflagellates of the genus Ostreopsis are the most probable origin of the toxin. Ostreopsis has a wide distribution in tropical and subtropical areas but recently these dinoflagellates have also started to appear in the Mediterranean Sea. Two of the most remarkable properties of palytoxin are the large and complex structure with different analogs such as ostreocin-D or ovatoxin-a and the extreme acute animal toxicity. The Na K -ATPase has been proposed as receptor for palytoxin. The marine toxin is known to act on the Na pump and elicit an increase in Na permeability which leads to depolarization and a secondary Ca2 influx interfering with some functions of cells. Studies on the cellular cytoskeleton have revealed that the signaling cascade triggered by palytoxin leads to actin filament system distortion. The activity of palytoxin on the actin cytoskeleton is only partially associated with the cytosolic Ca2 changes therefore this ion represents an important factor in altering this structure but it is not the only cause. The goal of the present minireview is to compile the findings reported to date about a how palytoxin and analogs are able to modify the actin cytoskeleton within different cellular models and b what signaling mechanisms .