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Experimental & Translational Stroke Medicine: a multimodal neuroprotective agent

Eight studies were found which addressed this question. These studies explored reflection in medical and health professions students, relating it to learning, professional identity development, and critical thinking. Sobral (2000) examined students’ reflection-in-learning as they began their clinical clerkship using a 10-item self-report questionnaire. The author compared 103 student participants in an elective experience with 91 non-randomized controls who did not par- ticipate. The mean reflection-in-learning score in the participant group was 47.16 (SD 7.45) of a possible 70; in the control group, the mean score was 50.45 (SD 6.92). Boenink et al. (2004) studied reflection in 195 4th year preclinical Dutch students who responded in writing to four. | Experimental Translational Stroke Medicine BioMed Central Review Erythropoietin a multimodal neuroprotective agent Nadiya Byts and Anna-Leena Sirén Address University of Wurzburg Department of Neurosurgery Wurzburg Germany Email Nadiya Byts - nabyts@yahoo.de Anna-Leena Sirén - siren.a@nch.uni-wuerzburg.de Corresponding author Open Access Published 21 October 2009 Experimental Translational Stroke Medicine 2009 1 4 doi l0.ll86 2040-7378-l-4 Received 6 July 2009 Accepted 21 October 2009 This article is available from http www.etsmjournal.cOm content 1 1 4 2009 Byts and Sirén licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http creativecommons.org licenses by 2.0 which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract The tissue protective functions of the hematopoietic growth factor erythropoietin EPO are independent of its action on erythropoiesis. EPO and its receptors EPOR are expressed in multiple brain cells during brain development and upregulated in the adult brain after injury. Peripherally administered EPO crosses the blood-brain barrier and activates in the brain anti-apoptotic anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory signaling in neurons glial and cerebrovascular endothelial cells and stimulates angiogenesis and neurogenesis. These mechanisms underlie its potent tissue protective effects in experimental models of stroke cerebral hemorrhage traumatic brain injury neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disease. The preclinical data in support of the use of EPO in brain disease have already been translated to first clinical pilot studies with encouraging results with the use of EPO as a neuroprotective agent. The cytokine erythropoetin EPO The cytokine erythropoietin EPO is a 34 kD glycoprotein which was originally described to stimulate erythropoiesis. EPO supports the proliferation and differentiation of .