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Chemical Oxidation

Permanganate may be applied to sites as either potassium permanganate (KMnO4) or sodium permanganate (NaMnO4). Where cost dominates over engineering factors at a site, potassium permanganate is the preferred chemical form because it is more widely available, less costly, and is available in solid form, which facilitates transport and handling. Where other factors are more important, the liquid form of sodium permangante is preferable. When choosing potassium permanganate for application at a site, be aware of three properties that can cause concern to owner, operators or state regulators. First, potassium permanganate is derived from mined potassium ores which, by their nature, typically contain salt and metal. | Chapter XIII Chemical Oxidation Contents Overview .XIII-1 Hydrogen Peroxide Fenton s Reagent.XIII-4 Permanganate.XIII-10 Ozone.XIII-11 Special Considerations for MTBE.XIII-12 Chemical Oxidation Technology Effectiveness Screening Approach.XIII-13 Step 1 Initial Screening of Chemical Oxidation Effectiveness.XIII-15 Overall Viability .XIII-15 Potential Effectiveness of Chemical Oxidation .XIII-16 Step 2 Detailed Evaluation of Chemical Oxidation Effectiveness .XIII-18 Site Characteristics That Affect Chemical Oxidation .XIII-18 Oxidant Demand Factors.XIII-19 Advective Dispersive Transport Factors.XIII-20 Constituent Characteristics That Affect Chemical Oxidation .XIII-24 Step 3 Evaluation of Chemical Oxidation Design.XIII-26 Design Basis .XIII-27 Cleanup Goals.XIII-27 Chemical Oxidation Technology Selection .XIII-30 Design Components.XIII-31 Oxidation Application Design .XIII-32 Permit Requirements and Thresholds.XIII-32 Performance Monitoring .XIII-33 Contingency Plans.XIII-33 Components of Chemical Oxidation Systems .XIII-34 Injection Extraction and Re-Infiltration Wells.XIII-37 Well Construction.XIII-38 Step 4 An Evaluation of the Operation and Monitoring Plan.XIII-38 Remedial Progress Monitoring.XIII-38 Evaluation Sampling .XIII-39 Evaluation Criteria. XIII-43 Oxidant Delivery and Distribution.XIII-43 Permanent Contaminant Mass Reduction and Attainment of Cleanup Goal.XIII-44 References .XIII-46 Checklist Can Chemical Oxidation Be Used At This Site .XIII-48 May 2004 XIII-ii List of Exhibits Number Title Page XIII-1 Chemical Oxidation Primary Advantages and Disadvantages. XIII-3 XIII-2 Chemical Oxidation Technologies Comparative Matrix. XIII-5 XIII-3 Initial Screening For Chemical Oxidation Remediation Potential Effectiveness . XIII-14 XIII-4 Detailed Screening For Chemical Oxidation Remediation Potential Effectiveness. XIII-17 XIII-5 Key Parameters Used To Evaluate Chemical Oxidation Applicability. XIII-18 XIII-6 Inorganic Oxidation Processes That Consume Dissolved