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Biological effects of surfactants

The state of aquatic ecosystems reflects the general state of the biosphere. The situation in the biosphere affected by anthropogenic factors was characterized as “a slow explosion” (Fedorov 1987). The global change in the biosphere and climatic system of the Earth is a manifestation of this “slow explosion” (World Resources 1990–1991, Izrael et al. 1992). This change is due to man-made impact and disturbances in the aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, which take part in the formation and regulation of biogeochemical and energetic fluxes in the biosphere (Fedorov 1987, 1992; Abakumov 1993; Kuznetsov 1993; Losev et al. 1993; Gorshkov 1987; Lovelock and Kump 1994; Lovelock 1995) | 1 Anthropogenic Impacts and Synthetic Surfactants as Pollutants of Aquatic Ecosystems 1.1 Criteria and Priorities in Assessing the Hazardous Impacts on Aquatic Biota The state of aquatic ecosystems reflects the general state of the biosphere. The situation in the biosphere affected by anthropogenic factors was characterized as a slow explosion Fedorov 1987 . The global change in the biosphere and climatic system of the Earth is a manifestation of this slow explosion World Resources 1990-1991 Izrael et al. 1992 . This change is due to man-made impact and disturbances in the aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems which take part in the formation and regulation of biogeochemical and energetic fluxes in the biosphere Fedorov 1987 1992 Abakumov 1993 Kuznetsov 1993 Losev et al. 1993 Gorshkov 1987 Lovelock and Kump 1994 Lovelock 1995 . The existing trends in increasing of anthropogenic changes in the ecosystems are unfavourable for preserving the biodiversity and form a dangerous basis for emergency and extraordinary situations Izrael et al. 1992 Kondrasheva and Kobak 1996 Edgerton 1991 Gore 1992 Choucri 1993 . The predicted events unfavourable for the aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems would occur within the lifetime of the current generation the doubling of the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere as compared with the preindustrial level would occur in the mid-or second third of the 21st century Kondrasheva and Kobak 1996 World Resources 1990-1991 Edgerton 1991 Gore 1992 Choucri 1993 i.e. within the lifetimes of people who were born not long ago. The rate of increase of the CO2 level in the atmosphere does not slow down. The trends of anthropogenic changes hazardous for the biodiversity of hydrobionts aquatic organisms were analyzed in many publications Fedorov 1974 1977 1980 1992 Ostroumov 1981 1984 1986a b 1989 Yablokov and Ostroumov 1983 1985 Yablokov and Ostroumov 1991 Venitsianov 1992 Khublaryan 1992 Shiklo-manov 1992 Yakovlev et al. 1992 Losev et al. 1993 Moiseyenko