Đang chuẩn bị liên kết để tải về tài liệu:
URBAN AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT -UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME UNITED NATIONS HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PROGRAMME

The USFS Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program seeks to assess the condition and trend of the forests of the U.S. FIA recently assumed responsibility for all former Forest Health Monitoring program (FHM) plot work on a national level, and is currently active in 32 states. Lichen community monitoring was included in FIA in order to address key assessment issues such as the impact of air pollution on forest resources, spatial and temporal trends in biodiversity, and the sustainability of timber harvesting. The Lichen Community Indicator component of FIA collects data on the epiphytic lichen community (i.e.,. | TOOLBOOK UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME UNITED NATIONS HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PROGRAMME Table of Contents Why Do We Need Urban Air Quality Management .3 How to use this Toolbook Handbook and Toolkit Combination .4 1 Improving Information and Expertise for Air Quality Management.8 1.1 Preparing Basic Overview Information.8 1.1.1 From Environmental Profile to an Air Quality Profile.9 1.2 Involving the Stakeholders. 11 1.3 Clarifying Issues. 13 1.3.1 Involving Stakeholders in Clarification. 13 1.3.2 Emissions Assessment for Clarifying Issues. 14 1.3.3 Clarifying City Area - Wide Urban Air Quality Problems vs. Hot Spot Urban Air Quality Problems . 17 1.4 Prioritizing and Selecting Air Quality Issues.20 1.4.1 The Magnitude of Health Impacts Associated with the Problem.20 1.4.2 The Amount of Urban Productivity Loss Created by the Problem.22 1.4.3 Relative Impact of the Problem on the Urban Poor.22 1.4.4 Whether or Not the Outcome Leads to an Irreversible Effect.23 1.4.5 Whether Special Circumstances Offer Special Opportunities.23 1.4.6 The Degree of Social Political Consensus on the Nature or Severity of the Problem 25 1.4.7 Whether the Problem is City-Wide or Specific to a Hot Spot .25 2 Improving Strategies Action Planning and Decision-Making.27 2.1 Formulating and Clarifying Air Quality Management Strategies.27 2.2 Strategies for Different Activity Sectors.31 2.2.1 Strategies to Reduce Air Pollution from Transport.31 2.2.2 Formulating Strategies to Reduce Air Pollution from Industrial Sources.33 2.2.3 Formulating Strategies to Reduce Air Pollution from Indoor Pollution.35 2.2.4 Strategies for Reducing Air Pollution Caused by Open Burning of Wastes and Emanating from Natural Sources.36 2.2.5 Clarifying Issue-Specific Policy Options.36 2.3 Consideration of Implementation Options and Resources.36 2.3.1 Actors Controlling Relevant Policy Instruments.37 2.3.2 Analysing the Implementation Feasibility.37 2.4 Building Broad-Based Consensus on Objectives and Strategies.38 2.5