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WATER QUALITY PROTECTION AND NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION CONTROL IN SAN FRANCISCO BAY

Recent re-analyses of time series studies have highlighted a second important epidemiological and statistical issue known as confounding bias. Pollution relative rate estimates for mortality= morbidity could be confounded by observed and unobserved time-varying confounders (such as weather variables, season, and in°uenza epidemics) that vary in a similar manner as the air pol- lution and mortality=morbidity time series. To control for confounding bias, smooth functions of time and temperature variables are included into the semi-parametric Poisson regression model | FINAL STAFF REPORT WATER QUALITY PROTECTION AND NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION CONTROL IN SAN FRANCISCO BAY October 2003 SAN FRANCISCO BAY CONSERVATION AND DEVELOPMENT COMMISSION 50 California Street Suite 2600 San Francisco California 94111 Information 415 352-3600 Fax 415 352-3606 Web site http www.bcdc.ca.gov e-mail info@bcdc.ca.gov This report was prepared with financial assistance provided by the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 as amended administered by the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION.1 CHAPTER 1. AN OVERVIEW OF NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION.7 Definition of Terms Pollutants Point Source Nonpoint Source.8 Pollutant Types. .9 Pollutant Sources and Pathways.10 Six Major Categories of Nonpoint Source Pollutants.13 Urban Runoff Problems and Impacts.13 Marinas and Recreational Boating Problems and Impacts.16 Hydromodification Problems and Impacts.20 Wetlands and Riparian Areas Benefits and Problems.21 CHAPTER 2. NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION IN SAN FRANCISCO BAY.23 San Francisco Estuary.23 Extent of Pollution Estimated Pollutant Loads.24 Pollutants of Particular Concern.30 California s 303 d List TMDL Priorities Beneficial Uses.30 Impaired Waterbodies Pollutants Sources and TMDL Priorities.31 Significant Water Quality Watershed Issues.32 Specific Pollutant Categories and Associated Pollutants of Concern.32 Urban Runoff.34 Hydromodification Waterway Modification .37 Alteration of Wetland and Riparian Areas.38 Historical and Current Trends.40 Top Known Contamination Problems in San Francisco Bay.41 High Mercury Levels and Fish Consumption Advisories in San Francisco Bay.43 Other Contaminants of Concern Pesticides Hydrocarbons Trace Metals.44 Long Term Trends.45 Nonpoint Source Pollution Impacts Effects on Bay Ecosystems.46 Current RMP Research Efforts. 48 CHAPTER 3. OVERVIEW OF NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION REGULATIONS.51 Federal Regulations Clean Water Act.51 Federal Regulations Coastal .