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Communicating Sequential Processes C. A. R. HoareJune 21, 2004

The first electronic digital computers were developed between 1940 and 1945 in the United Kingdom and United States. Originally they were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as several hundred modern personal computers (PCs).[1] In this era mechanical analog computers were used for military applications. | Communicating Sequential Processes C. A. R. Hoare June 21 2004 C. A. R. Hoare 1985-2004 This document is an electronic version of Communicating Sequential Processes first published in 1985 by Prentice Hall International. It may be copied printed and distributed free of charge. However such copying printing or distribution may not - be carried out for commercial gain or - take place within India Pakistan Bangladesh Sri Lanka or the Maldives or - involve any modification to the document itself. Questions and comments are welcome and should be sent to the editor of this version Jim.Davies@comlab.ox.ac.uk. Foreword For a variety of reasons this is a book eagerly awaited by all who knew it was in the making to say that their patience has been rewarded would be an understatement. A simple reason was that it is Tony Hoare s first book. Many know him from the lectures he has untiringly given all over the world many more know him as the articulate and careful author of a number of articles of great variety that became classics almost before the printer s ink had dried. But a book is a different medium here the author can express himself without the usually stringent limitations of time and space it gives him the opportunity of revealing himself more intimately and of covering a topic of wider span opportunities of which Tony Hoare has made the best use we could hope for. A more solid reason was derived from the direct contents of the book. When concurrency confronted the computing community about a quarter of a century ago it caused an endless confusion partly by the technically very different circumstances in which it emerged partly by the accident of history that it introduced non-determinism at the same time. The disentanglement of that confusion required the hard work of a mature and devoted scientist who with luck would clarify the situation. Tony Hoare has devoted a major part of his scientific endeavours to that challenge and we have every reason to be grateful for .