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OCEANOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OF CORAL REEFS: Physical and Biological Links in the Great Barrier Reef - Chapter 17

Thời tiết, trạng thái tức thời của bầu khí quyển, là làm thế nào chúng ta kinh nghiệm bầu không khí xung quanh chúng ta tại một thời điểm và địa điểm (nhiệt độ, tốc độ gió, mưa, vv). | 17 Climate Variability and Change on the Great Barrier Reef Janice M. Lough CONTENTS Introduction.269 Sources of Climate and Weather Data for the GBR and Queensland.270 Average Conditions.272 Surface Climate.272 Sea Surface Temperature Atmospheric Circulation Cloud and Light.272 Tropical Cyclones.273 Rainfall.274 River Flow.275 Example of Influence of Mean Climate Conditions on Coral Growth Rates.275 Inter-Annual Variability.275 El Nino-Southern Oscillation.275 Impact of ENSO Events.276 Coral Bleaching.276 Impact of Anti-ENSO Events.277 Freshwater Plumes and Luminescent Bands.277 Climate Change.278 Changing SSTs and Air Temperatures.278 Changing Rainfall and River Flow.279 Records from Corals.279 Future Climate.280 Projected Climates.280 References.282 INTRODUCTION Weather the instantaneous state of the atmosphere is how we experience the atmosphere around us at a given moment and place temperature wind speed rain etc. . Climate is what we expect the weather to be at a particular time and place based on 269 2001 by CRC Press LLC 270 Oceanographic Processes of Coral Reefs many years of weather observations. Climate includes both average conditions and variability about that average i.e. range of extremes . Climate varies naturally from year to year but usually within the range of average climate. A climate change occurs when there is a significant change in average climate and or its variability so that our expectation of weather changes. In this chapter average surface climate conditions in the vicinity of the Great Barrier Reef GBR are presented Figure 1 . The effects of the major source of inter-annual variability on surface climate of the GBR the El Nino-Southern Oscillation ENSO are documented. Evidence for climate variation and change over the past century based on instrumental observations and past several centuries from proxy climate records derived from corals is examined together with an assessment of possible changes in GBR climate due to the enhanced .