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Basic Principles of Healthy Cities: Health Determinants

The third challenge is to develop health strategies that respond to the diverse and evolving needs of countries. This means designing cost-effective strategies which address those diseases and conditions which account for the greatest share of the burden of disease, now and in the future. In addition to the priorities reflected in the MDGs, reproductive health interventions will be essential in all countries. Efforts to reduce violence and injuries - as well as noncommunicable diseases such as those related to cardiovascular disease and tobacco use - are important almost everywhere. As discussed in Chapter 4, the MDGs indicate desirable outcomes in terms of overall improvements in human well-being. The. | WHAT INFLUENCES HEALTH There are many factors that influence people s health and they are known as the determinants of health. These factors are often interactive and outside an individual s control. The below diagram summarises the main determinants of health according to their spheres of influence. Starting from those at the individual level and moving through to those in the wider society. Diagram The main determinants of health Source Whitehead M. Dahlgren G. What can we do about inequalities in health Lancet 1991 338 1059-1063. MAIN DETERMINANTS Age sex and genetic factors These inborn factors play a part in determining lifespan and likelihood of developing certain illnesses. It is completely beyond an individual s control. Individual lifestyle factors Lifestyle factors include diet physical exercise smoking drinking and sexual behaviour etc. Individuals may have more control over these factors by making choice to adopt a healthy lifestyle practice that enhance health. Social and community networks Greater support from families friends and communities are linked with better health. The caring and respect occur in such social relationships help people to cope with challenges and act as a buffer against health problems. General socio-economic cultural and environmental conditions These factors are multiple interactive and very often go beyond the extent of individual s control. Integrated and multi-level of public health interventions are crucial to shape these factors for a positive health .