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Imaging and cancer: A review

A risk factor is anything that changes a person's chance of getting a disease such as cancer. Different cancers have different risk factors. For example, unprotected exposure to strong sunlight is a risk factor for skin cancer and smoking is a risk factor for cancers of the lungs, mouth, larynx, esophagus, bladder, and several other organs. Scientists have found few risk factors that make a person more likely to develop adrenal gland tumors. Even if a patient does have one or more risk factors for adrenal gland tumors, it is impossible to know for sure how much that risk factor. | MOLECULAR ONCOLOGY 2 20 08 115-152 available at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect www.elsevier.com locate molonc Review- imaging and cancer A review Leonard Fassa b aGE Healthcare 352 Buckingham Avenue Slough SL1 4ER UK bImperial College Department of Bioengineering London UK ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history Received 6 March 2008 Received in revised form 28 April 2008 Accepted 29 April 2008 Available online 10 May 2008 Keywords Imaging Cancer Diagnosis Staging Therapy Tracers Contrast Multiple biomedical imaging techniques are used in all phases of cancer management. Imaging forms an essential part of cancer clinical protocols and is able to furnish morphological structural metabolic and functional information. Integration with other diagnostic tools such as in vitro tissue and fluids analysis assists in clinical decision-making. Hybrid imaging techniques are able to supply complementary information for improved staging and therapy planning. Image guided and targeted minimally invasive therapy has the promise to improve outcome and reduce collateral effects. Early detection of cancer through screening based on imaging is probably the major contributor to a reduction in mortality for certain cancers. Targeted imaging of receptors gene therapy expression and cancer stem cells are research activities that will translate into clinical use in the next decade. Technological developments will increase imaging speed to match that of physiological processes. Targeted imaging and therapeutic agents will be developed in tandem through close collaboration between academia and biotechnology information technology and pharmaceutical industries. 2008 Federation of European Biochemical Societies. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction Biomedical imaging one of the main pillars of comprehensive cancer care has many advantages including real time monitoring accessibility without tissue destruction minimal or no invasiveness and can function over wide