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Coral Reef Restoration Handbook - Chapter 14

Ngày 24 tháng 7, 1997, M / V Fortuna hàng lạnh mắc cạn trên một rạn san hô viền nằm ở ngoài khơi phía Đông Nam bờ biển của Mona Island (18 ° 02'N; 67 ° 51'W), 65 km về phía tây của đại lục Puerto Rico (Hình 14.1). các 326-chân vận tải hàng hóa vẫn còn được căn cứ 8 ngày trong hòn đảo lớn nhất còn lại Acropora palmata (san hô elkhorn) đứng. Mặc dù Fortuna hàng lạnh không mang theo bất kỳ hàng hóa vào thời điểm đó nền tảng, một số trong tổng số khoảng 100.000 lít dầu nhiên liệu và 33.000 lít biển động cơ diesel đã được loại bỏ để. | 14 Restoration Outcomes of the Fortuna Reefer Grounding at Mona Island Puerto Rico Andrew W. Bruckner and Robin J. Bruckner CONTENTS 14.1 Introduction.257 14.2 Initial Restoration.258 14.3 Approach to Evaluate Fragment Survivorship.260 14.3.1 Early Patterns of Fragment Survival.260 14.3.2 Midcourse Correction.261 14.3.3 Patterns of Survival and Recovery over 6 Years.261 14.3.4 Causes of Mortality.262 14.3.5 Effects of Size Orientation and Attachment Site.262 14.3.6 Effect of Depth. 264 14.4 Efficacy of the Restoration.267 14.5 Conclusions.268 Acknowledgments.268 References.269 14.1 INTRODUCTION On July 24 1997 the M V Fortuna Reefer ran aground on a fringing reef located off the southeast coast of Mona Island 18 02 N 67 51 W 65 km west of mainland Puerto Rico Figure 14.1 . The 326-foot freighter remained grounded for 8 days within the island s largest remaining Acropora palmata elkhorn coral stand. Although the Fortuna Reefer was not carrying any cargo at the time of the grounding some of the approximately 100 000 gallons of fuel oil and 33 000 gallons of marine diesel were removed to prevent a spill and lighten the vessel prior to removal. Steel cables were attached between the stern of the Fortuna Reefer and two tugboats to stabilize and extract the vessel. During removal the extraction path did not follow the original collision path and the steel cables dragged across the reef surface further expanding the area of injury. The grounding and subsequent removal of the Fortuna Reefer impacted 6.8 acres of shallow fore reef habitat.1 The reef substrate was crushed and fractured along the inbound track of the vessel with additional damage occurring while the ship remained grounded as a result of waves and swell that caused the hull to rise and fall and shift sideways Figure 14.2C . Total coral destruction occurred along the inbound and outbound paths of the vessel extending from the reef crest approximately 300 m seaward 2 to 4 m depth and up to 30 m in width. .