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From Conflict to Negotiation

The Rio Earth Summit of 1992 introduced several new approaches to environmental management under the general heading of sustainable devlopment. One of these approaches has forced conservationists to concede that it is no longer feasible or ethical to exlude resident communities from prtected areas, as had been the practice for more than a century. The alternative approach highlighting considerations of social justice and economic empowerment, is to recognise that humans are also part of the local ecology, and to find sustainable ways to maintain local livelihoods along with biodiversity | FROM CONFLICT TO NEGOTIATION Nature-based Development on South Africa s Wild Coast Edited by Robin Palmer Herman Timmermans Derick Fay Human Sciences Research Council Pretoria Institute of Social Economic Research Rhodes University Grahamstown CONTENTS List of Maps Figures and Tables. iv Author Biographies. vi Foreword. vii Preface. ix Acknowledgements. xiii Introduction. xv Robin Palmer Herman Timmermans Derick Fay PART ONE 1 The Land. 2 Herman Timmermans Kamal Naicker 2 The Residents. 15 Robin Palmer Derick Fay 3 The Outsiders. 30 Robin Palmer Khayalethu Kralo PART TWO 4 Competing for the Forests Annexation Demarcation and their Consequences c. 1878 to 1936. 48 Derick Fay Herman Timmermans Robin Palmer 5 Closing the Forests Segregation Exclusion and their Consequences from 1936 to 1994 . 78 Derick Fay Herman Timmermans Robin Palmer 6 Regaining the Forests Reform and Development from 1994 to 2001 . 111 Robin Palmer Derick Fay Herman Timmermans Fonda Lewis Johan Viljoen PART THREE 7 Poverty and Differentiation at Dwesa-Cwebe. 146 Derick Fay Robin Palmer 8 Natural Resource Use at Dwesa-Cwebe. 173 Herman Timmermans 9 Contemporary Tourism at Dwesa-Cwebe . 199 Robin Palmer Johan Viljoen PART FOUR 10 South Africa and the New Tourism. 220 Robin Palmer Johan Viljoen 11 Conservation and Communities Learning from Experience. 256 Christo Fabricius 12 A Development Vision for Dwesa-Cwebe. 272 Robin Palmer Derick Fay Herman Timmermans Christo Fabricius Conclusion . 306 Robin Palmer Herman Timmermans Derick Fay Postscript . 312 Appendix A . 323 Bibliography . 325 Human Sciences Research Council AUTHOR BIOGRAPHIES Christo Fabricius has a PhD in Conservation Biology from the University of Cape Town. He is head of the Environment Science Programme at Rhodes University and previously worked as a research associate in the International Institute for Environment and Development in London. He has 12 years experience as a nature conservation scientist in the Eastern and Northern Cape .