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Gimson's pronunciation of english part 23

Gimson's pronunciation of english part 23. Bài tập luyện ngữ pháp tiếng anh cho mọi người, đây là tài liệu hay và hữu ích có thể giúp các bạn có thể nắm vững được các ngữ pháp tiếng anh cụ thể. | 282 Words and Connected Speech Those sentence adverbials which are usually classified as conjuncts e.g. incidentally therefore cannot take a sole nucleus in this way Some other types of expression which are similar to adverbials in that they are in the nature of afterthoughts are also common in final position with no accent for example vocatives and direct speech markers e.g. Don t you a gree Peter Don t be a fool he said. When old information occurs at the end of the sentence then this will be unaccented e.g. Why don t you invite John to the party Because I don t like John. We had a long wait. You mean we had a very long wait. In the last example there is obviously some element of contrast present between long and very long. Sometimes the nucleus may fall on a contrasted item even though a later item in the intonational phrase is new e.g. John is a quite a tall man I whereas his brother is very short. In certain very limited cases the whole of an intonational phrase comprises old information. One such case concerns echoes i.e. where a second speaker echoes something a first speaker has just said and the accentuation of the second speaker will follow that of the first the tone will change to high rise e.g. I couldn t do it. You couldn t do it 11.6.2.3 The Meanings of Tones Almost all primary accents in words and longer utterances have up to now been exemplified using the high fall nuclear tone marked . This is the way in which individual words are usually cited in isolation. Moreover in all styles of English speech simple falls in pitch whether from a high or mid starting-point account for the majority of nuclear tones generally estimated around 50 .27 Simple rises and fall-rises are generally estimated to account for a further 40 of tones. The preponderance of falls is usually slightly higher in conversation than in other types of speech e.g. scripted reading. Since rises and fall-rises are often used as a cohesive device signalling more to follow it is not .