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People occupied the entire

Around the year 1500, hunting people occupied the entire northern third of North America. They lived well from the animals with whom they shared these lands. Hunters of sea mammals had colonized the Arctic coasts of Canada and Greenland between four and five thousand years before. | Practice Test C - Reading Question 1- 9 Around the year 1500 hunting people occupied the entire northern third of North America. They lived well from the animals with whom they shared these lands. Hunters of sea mammals had colonized the Arctic coasts of Canada and Greenland between Line four and five thousand years before. Land-hunting people had lived throughout much of 5 the northern interior for at least 12 000 years. Northern North America is part of a larger circumpolar ecological domain that continues across the narrow Bering Strait into Siberia and northern Europe. The overall circumpolar environment in the 1500 s was not very different from the environment of the present. This vast landmass had a continental climate and was dominated by cold 10 arctic air throughout a long winter and spring season. Summer temperatures ranged from near freezing to the mid-20 s Celsius while winter temperatures were often as low as 40 degrees below zero Celsius. Geographers divide the overall circumpolar domain into two zones the Arctic and below it the Subarctic. They refer to the landforms of these areas as tundra and taiga 15 respectively. Temperatures in the northern lands were below freezing for eight or nine months of the year. Subsurface soil in the Arctic s tundra remained permanently frozen. Even when summer temperatures were above freezing and the top inches of earth became saturated with water the soil below remained frozen into a permafrost as hard as rock. 20 When water flowed upon the surface of permanently frozen tundra it made overland travel extremely difficult. Summer travel in the boggy lands or muskeg country of the Subarctic s taiga was also slow and arduous. Tracking animals was more difficult than it was during the winter when the swampy ground was frozen solid and covered with snow. In both tundra and taiga hordes of mosquitoes and biting flies bred in the 25 standing pools of water. Clothing lost its thermal efficiency when it became damp. Northern .