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Handbook of Plant Nutrition - chapter 16

16 Aluminum Soils contain an average of 7% total aluminum (Al), and under acidic conditions, aluminum is solubilized (1), increasing availability to plants and aquatic animals. Soil acidification due to application of fertilizers, growing of legumes. | CRC_DK2972_Ch016.qxd 7 24 2006 7 23 PM Page 437 Section IV Beneficial Elements CRC_DK2972_Ch016.qxd 7 24 2006 7 23 PM Page 438 CRC_DK2972_Ch016.qxd 7 24 2006 7 23 PM Page 439 16 Aluminum Susan C. Miyasaka N.V Hue and Michael A. Dunn University of Hawaii-Manoa Honolulu Hawaii CONTENTS 16.1 Introduction .441 16.2 Aluminum-Accumulating Plants .441 16.3 Beneficial Effects of Aluminum in Plants .442 16.3.1 Growth Stimulation .442 16.3.2 Inhibition of Plant Pathogens.442 16.4 Aluminum Absorption and Transport within Plants .442 16.4.1 Phytotoxic Species .442 16.4.2 Absorption .443 16.4.3 Aluminum Speciation in Symplasm .443 16.4.4 Radial Transport.444 16.4.5 Mucilage.444 16.5 Aluminum Toxicity Symptoms in Plants .444 16.5.1 Short-Term Effects .444 16.5.1.1 Inhibition of Root Elongation .444 16.5.1.2 Disruption of Root Cap Processes .444 16.5.1.3 Callose Formation .445 16.5.1.4 Lignin Deposition .445 16.5.1.5 Decline in Cell Division .445 16.5.2 Long-Term Effects .445 16.5.2.1 Suppressed Root and Shoot Biomass .445 16.5.2.2 Abnormal Root Morphology .446 16.5.2.3 Suppressed Nutrient Uptake and Translocation .446 16.5.2.4 Restricted Water Uptake and Transport .446 16.5.2.5 Suppressed Photosynthesis .446 16.5.2.6 Inhibition of Symbiosis with Rhizobia .447 16.6 Mechanisms of Aluminum Toxicity in Plants .447 16.6.1 Cell Wall.447 16.6.1.1 Modification of Synthesis or Deposition of Polysaccharides .448 16.6.2 Plasma Membrane .448 16.6.2.1 Binding to Phospholipids .448 16.6.2.2 Interference with Proteins Involved in Transport .449 16.6.2.2.1 H -ATPases .449 16.6.2.2.2 Potassium Channels .449 16.6.2.2.3 Calcium Channels .450 16.6.2.2.4 Magnesium Transporters .450 .