Đang chuẩn bị liên kết để tải về tài liệu:
The grammar of the english verb phrase part 111

The elements of the framework of the tense theory used in this book arc outlined here. These include, centrally, the notions of 'time. Time spheres and time zones have to do with the way in which tenses in English divide up time. The concept of temporal domain accounts for the way in which temporal relations between situation times are expressed by tenses, or not, as the case may be. (See chap¬ter 8). | Glossary 763 but without including it or part of it . Anteriority is W-anteriority if A is interpreted as anterior to B in the possible world referred to. Anteriority is d anteriority if it is expressed by a tense form. Thus in John was born in London and died in Glasgow the former situation is interpreted as W-anterior to the latter but it is not represented as T-anterior to it the two past tense forms merely locate the times of the two situations in the past. The same is true of He said he got up early. By contrast in He said he had got up early the time of the getting up early is not only interpreted as W-anterior to the time of the saying but is also represented as T-anterior to it by the use of the past perfect form had got up. Argument any of the constituents that a verb requires to be used grammatically in a normal finite clause a subject sometimes called the external argument because it does not belong to the predicate constituent and possibly one or more internal arguments usually called complements e.g. a direct object . Aspect in this work we distinguish between ontological aspect or lexical aspect or Aktionsart grammatical aspect and actualization aspect . Out of context the unmarked interpretation of aspect is grammatical aspect. Aspect auxiliary the grammatical auxiliary be which is used for building progressive verb forms. Progressive aspect is the only kind of grammatical aspect that can be systematically expressed by verb forms in English. Aspectualizer lexical verb like begin start commence quit stop finish continue go on etc. which is placed before a nonfinite clause and which expresses the situation described by this clause as beginning ending or ongoing. Thus go on is an aspectualizer in Let s go on working. Assertion or statement the illocutionary force of a declarative sentence. Sentences like I love you and I don t love you make an assertion . Assertive clause A clause is assertive when the message but not necessarily the form of the clause