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John Dow -- English Grammar in use

Words are fundamental units in every sentence, so we will begin by looking at these. Consider the words in the following sentence: my brother drives a big car We can tell almost instinctively that brother and car are the same type of word, and also that brother and drives are different types of words. By this we mean that brother and car belong to the same word class. Similarly, when we recognise that brother and drives are different types, we mean that they belong to different word classes. We recognise seven MAJOR word classes:. | 1 An Introduction to Word classes.4 1.1 Criteria for Word Classes.4 1.1.1 Meaning.5 1.1.2 The form or shape of a word.6 1.1.3 The position or environment of a word in a sentence.6 1.2 Open and Closed Word Classes.7 2 Nouns.8 2.1 Characteristics of Nouns.8 2.2 Common and Proper Nouns.10 2.3 Count and Non-count Nouns.11 2.4 Pronouns.11 2.5 Other Types of Pronoun.13 2.6 Numerals.14 2.7 The Gender of Nouns.15 3 Determiners.16 3.1 Numerals and Determiners.17 3.2 Pronouns and Determiners.18 3.3 The Ordering of Determiners.19 3.4 Predeterminers.19 3.5 Central Determiners.20 3.6 Postdeterminers.20 4 Verbs.21 4.1 The Base Form.21 4.2 Past and Present Forms.22 4.3 The Infinitive Form.23 4.4 More Verb Forms -ing and -ed.23 4.5 Finite and Nonfinite Verbs.24 4.6 Auxiliary Verbs.25 4.7 Auxiliary Verb Types.25 4.8 The NICE Properties of Auxiliaries.28 4.9 Semi-auxiliaries.29 4.10 Tense and Aspect.29 4.11 Voice.31 5 Adjectives.31 5.1 Characteristics of Adjectives.32 5.2 Attributive and Predicative Adjectives.34 5.3 Inherent and Non-inherent Adjectives.35 5.4 Stative and Dynamic Adjectives.36 5.5 Nominal Adjectives.37 5.6 Adjectives and Nouns.38 5.7 Participial Adjectives.39 5.8 The Ordering of Adjectives.44 6 Adverbs.47 6.1 Formal Characteristics of Adverbs.47 6.2 Adverbs and Adjectives.49 6.3 Circumstantial Adverbs.50 6.4 Additives Exclusives and Particularizers.50 6.5 Wh- Adverbs.51 6.6 Sentence Adverbs.51 7 Prepositions.52 7.1 Complex Prepositions.53 7.2 Marginal Prepositions.54 8 Conjunctions.54 8.1 Coordination Types.56 8.2 False Coordination.56 9 Minor word classes.57 9.1 Formulaic Expressions.57 9.2 Existential there.58 9.3 Uses of It.59 10 Introduces phrases.59 10.1 Defining a Phrase.60 10.2 The Basic Structure of a Phrase.60 10.3 More Phrase Types.62 10.4 Noun Phrase NP .63 10.5 Verb Phrase VP .64 10.6 Adjective Phrase AP .64 10.7 Adverb Phrase AdvP .65 10.8 Prepositional Phrase PP .65 10.9 Phrases within Phrases.65 11 Clauses and sentences.66 11.1 The Clause Hierarchy.67