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Consumer and competition policy directorate

Các hành vi của trẻ nhỏ có thể bị ảnh hưởng rất nhiều bởi tất cả các loại tác nhân kích thích. Trong các nghiên cứu như vậy vì điều này mà chúng tôi đang cố gắng để đạt được thông tin về hành vi bình thường và tự nhiên của trẻ em nó là bắt buộc rằng môi trường trong đó các dữ liệu được thu thập như không bị ảnh hưởng bởi quan sát càng tốt. | 22010 DTI Mouthing rep cover 28/8/02 12:00 Page 4 Consumer and Competition Policy Directorate Research into the mouthing behaviour of children up to 5 years old. 22010 DTI Mouthing rep cover 28/8/02 11:59 Page 1 22010 DTI Mouthing rep cover 28/8/02 11:59 Page 2 July 2002 Research commissioned by the Consumer and Competition Policy Directorate, DTI. Department of Trade and Industry 1 Victoria Street London SW1H 0ET Carried out under contract by: Dr Beverley Norris Stuart Smith Institute for Occupational Ergonomics School of Mechanical, Materials, Manufacturing Engineering and Management University of Nottingham University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD Tel: 0115 9514039 Fax: 0115 9514000 URN 02/748 22010 DTI Mouthing rep cover 28/8/02 11:59 Page 3 22010 DTI Mouthing Report 28/8/02 11:46 Page 1 Page No Contents SUMMARY 1 CHAPTER 1. Design of the research 2 1.1 Aims of this research 2 1.2 Data Collection 2 1.3 Experimental design 3 CHAPTER 2. Methodology 5 2.1 Development of materials 5 2.1.1 Pre-pilot trials 5 2.1.2 Pilot trials 5 2.2 Observation protocols 6 2.2.1 Timing of mouthing behaviours 6 2.2.2 Classifying what was mouthed 6 2.2.3 Classifying the type of mouthing behaviour 6 CHAPTER 3. Participant Details 7 3.1 Children's mouthing characteristics and child care details 7 CHAPTER 4. Results 10 4.1 Estimated daily mouthing time by item mouthed 10 4.2 Estimates of daily mouthing times according to what was mouthed and how 13 4.2.1 All items 14 4.2.2 Dummy/soother 14 4.2.3 Fingers 16 4.2.4 Toys 18 4.2.5 Other objects 20 4.2.6 Items not recorded 22 4.3 What was mouthed 23 4.3.1 Categories of toys and other objects mouthed 23 4.3.2 Mouthed toys and other objects by material 25 4.3.3 Items intended to be mouthed 26 4.3.4 Number of items mouthed 29 CHAPTER 5. Validation 30 5.1 Analysis of mouthing time 30 5.2 Analysis of what was mouthed 31 5.3 Analysis of how the children mouthed 32 22010 DTI Mouthing Report 28/8/02 11:46 Page 2 CHAPTER 6. Discussion 33 6.1 Validity and .