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Drugs and Poisons in Humans - A Handbook of Practical Analysis (Part 18)

Introduction: The petroleum fuels are a group of hydrocarbons refined and modified from the crude oil, and include more than 100 kinds of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. They are roughly classified into petroleum gas, gasoline, kerosene, light oil, heavy oil and others [1]. This chapter deals with analysis of hydrocarbons of C3–C16 being included in automobile gasoline, purified kerosene (No.1 kerosene), automobile light oil for a diesel engine and liquefied petroleum (LP) gas. The petroleum oils, such as gasoline and kerosene, are frequently detected from specimens in fire cases. The detection of petroleum components from human specimens is especially important. | II.1.9 Components of gasoline and kerosene by Tatsunori Takayasu and Toshikazu Kondo Introduction The petroleum fuels are a group of hydrocarbons refined and modified from the crude oil and include more than 100 kinds of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. They are roughly classified into petroleum gas gasoline kerosene light oil heavy oil and others 1 . This chapter deals with analysis of hydrocarbons of C3-C16 being included in automobile gasoline purified kerosene No.1 kerosene automobile light oil for a diesel engine and liquefied petroleum LP gas. The petroleum oils such as gasoline and kerosene are frequently detected from specimens in fire cases. The detection of petroleum components from human specimens is especially important in legal medicine as a proof of vital reaction 2 3 . In the field of police science the discrimination analysis among gasoline kerosene and other products is being made for specimens of a fire and of environmental pollution the detection of each component serves as an objective and important evidence for an accident or an incident 4 . Although such specimens can be grouped into biological ones and non-biological ones such as fire debris and polluted materials the methods to be presented in this chapter are usable for both groups of specimens. Since the petroleum components are generally volatile with the exception of some fluids such as heavy oil the methods of headspace extraction 2-8 liquid-liquid extraction using hexane 9 purge-and-trap extraction 10 11 dynamic headspace extraction 12 and solidphase microextraction SPME 13-18 are being employed as pretreatments their analysis is being made by GC with FID or GC MS. As medicolegal application a GC MS method for discrimination among LP gas gasoline and kerosene is also presented for a gas sample obtained from the trachea of a cadaver 19 . Reagents and their preparation Reagents are of analytical grade obtainable from many manufacturers. The organic solvents to be used for extraction