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CRYOGENIC SYSTEMS P1

The science and technology of deep refrigeration processing occurring at temperatures lower than about 150 K is the field of cryogenics (from the Greek kryos, icy cold). | CHAPTER 63_ CRYOGENIC SYSTEMS Leonard A. Wenzel Lehigh University Bethlehem Pennsylvania 63.1 CRYOGENICS AND CRYOFLUID PROPERTIES 1915 63.5.1 Materials of Construction 63.5.2 Seals and Gaskets 63.5.3 Lubricants 1943 1953 1953 63.2 CRYOGENIC REFRIGERATION AND 63.6 SPECIAL PROBLEMS IN LIQUEFACTION CYCLES 1921 LOW-TEMPERATURE 63.2.1 Cascade Refrigeration 1921 INSTRUMENTATION 1953 63.2.2 The Linde or Joule- 63.6.1 Temperature Thomson Cycle 1923 Measurement 1953 63.2.3 The Claude or Expander 63.6.2 Flow Measurement 1955 Cycle 1924 63.6.3 Tank Inventory 63.2.4 Low-Temperature Engine Measurement 1955 Cycles 1928 63.7 EXAMPLES OF CRYOGENIC 63.3 CRYOGENIC HEAT- PROCESSING 1955 TRANSFER METHODS 1930 63.7.1 Air Separation 1956 63.3.1 Coiled-Tube-in-Shell 63.7.2 Liquefaction of Natural Exchangers 1931 Gas 1958 63.3.2 Plate-Fin Heat 63.7.3 Helium Recovery and Exchangers 1933 Liquefaction 1962 63.3.3 Regenerators 1933 63.8 SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND 63.4 INSULATION SYSTEMS 1939 ITS APPLICATIONS 1963 63.4.1 Vacuum Insulation 1940 63.8.1 Superconductivity 1963 63.4.2 Superinsulation 1941 63.8.2 Applications of 63.4.3 Insulating Powders and S uperconductivity 1966 Fibers 1943 63.9 CRYOBIOLOGY AND 63.5 MATERIALS FOR CRYOSURGERY 1969 CRYOGENIC SERVICE 1943 63.1 CRYOGENICS AND CRYOFLUID PROPERTIES The science and technology of deep refrigeration processing occurring at temperatures lower than about 150 K is the field of cryogenics from the Greek kryos icy cold . This area has developed as a special discipline because it is characterized by special techniques requirements imposed by physical limitations and economic needs and unique phenomena associated with low-thermal-energy levels. Compounds that are processed within the cryogenic temperature region are sometimes called cryogens. There are only a few of these materials they are generally small relatively simple molecules and they seldom react chemically within the cryogenic region. Table 63.1 lists the major cryogens along with .