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Epinephrine reversed high-concentration bupivacaine- induced inhibition of calcium channels and transient outward potassium current channels, but not on sodium channel in ventricular myocytes of rats

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Epinephrine is a first-line drug for cardiopulmonary resuscitation, but its efficacy in the treatment of bupivacaine-induced cardiac toxicity is still in question. We hypothesized that epinephrine can reverse cardiac inhibition of bupivacaine by modulating ion flows through the ventricular myocyte membrane channels of rats. |