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Direct numerical simulation study of water droplets freezing on a horizontal plate

The distinct phases are separated by the interfaces represented by connected elements. So, there is a three-junction point among three phases: solid, liquid, and gas. The water droplets are assumed as a spherical cap and placed on the cold plate which is kept at a subfreezing temperature. At the end of solidification, we obtain a small protrusion shape at the top of the frozen water droplet and its height is also higher than that of the initial water droplet. |