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Indoxyl sulfate promotes apoptosis in cultured osteoblast cells

Indoxyl sulfate (IS), an organic anion uremic toxin, promotes the progression of renal dysfunction. Some studies have suggested that IS inhibits osteoclast differentiation and suppresses parathyroid hormone (PTH)-stimulated intracellular cAMP production, decreases PTH receptor expression, and induces oxidative stress in primary mouse calvaria osteoblast cell culture. | Indoxyl sulfate promotes apoptosis in cultured osteoblast cells