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Revisiting the genesis of red Mediterranean soils

This work, aside from being a classical discussion on the processes of rubefaction and illuviation, is an attempt to cross the abundant literature on red Mediterranean soils (RMSs) written by pedologists, and also by paleopedologists and geologists, with the climatic frame established by paleoclimatologists for the Quaternary. | TÍÌBĨTAK Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences http journals.tubitak.gov.tr earth Research Article Turkish J Earth Sci 2013 22 359-375 TUBITAK doi 10.3906 yer-1205-10 Revisiting the genesis of red Mediterranean soils Nicolas FEDOROFF1 1 Marie-Agnès COURTY2 3 Retired from Agrotech Paris France CNRS-UPR 8532 PROMES Procédés et Matériaux Solaires. Rambla de la Thermodynamique. Tecnosud. 66100 Perpignan France Instiut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social. Universitat Rovira i Virgil Plaza Imperial. C ESCORXADOR s n. 43003 Tarragona Spain Received 27.05.2012 Accepted 09.01.2013 Published Online 06.05.2013 Printed 06.06.2013 Abstract This work aside from being a classical discussion on the processes of rubefaction and illuviation is an attempt to cross the abundant literature on red Mediterranean soils RMSs written by pedologists and also by paleopedologists and geologists with the climatic frame established by paleoclimatologists for the Quaternary. Such an approach leads us to consider that the development of the RMSs was discontinuous occurring during periods of environmental stability i.e. interglacials characterized by a humid climate precipitations exceeding evapotranspiration with dry and hot summers. The impact of glacial intervals on the RMS covers is presently only partially documented. Aeolian processes during atmospheric instability episodes played a dominant role however hydric erosion and resedimentation cannot be ignored. Severe wind storms have reworked the RMS covers locally but long distance dusts were also incorporated into the soils. Outbursts are proposed to explain the disruption observed in pre-Holocene red B horizons. Calcite from aeolian dusts was dissolved in surface horizons and recrystallized in deeper horizons in the form of discrete features and calcrete. During the more humid phases of these intervals RMS became waterlogged in presently humid areas of the Mediterranean basin. The impact of frost on the RMS covers has been .