Đang chuẩn bị liên kết để tải về tài liệu:
Animal - Principles and behavior (Third edition): Part 2

(BQ) Continued part 1, part 2 of the document Animal - Principles and behavior (Third edition) has contents: Animal personalities, habitat selection, territoriality, and migration, antipredator behavior, kinship, cooperation, foraging, communication, aggression, play. Invite you to refer. | Kinship Kinship and Animal Behavior Kinship Theory Relatedness and Inclusive Fitness Family Dynamics Conflict within Families Parent-Offspring Conflict Sibling Rivalry Kin Recognition Matching Models Rule-of-Thumb Models of Kin Recognition Interview with Dr. Francis Ratnieks 271 In an open field somewhere a group of ground squirrels feed. Seemingly out of nowhere a long-tailed weasel Mustela frenata appears targeting the squirrels in the field as its prey. Suddenly an alarm call given by one squirrel alerts others of the impending danger. The field comes to life with squirrels making mad dashes everywhere doing whatever they can to reach their burrow or at least some safe haven. Later when the predator has departed the squirrels reemerge. In terms of costs and benefits this type of alarm seems counterintuitive. Why should an individual squirrel give off an alarm call Emitting alarm calls as loud as possible if nothing else should make the alarm caller the single most obvious thing in the entire field. Why would the alarm caller do anything to attract a predator in its direction and make itself the predator s most likely next meal Why not let another squirrel take the risks Paul Sherman has been addressing these sorts of questions in long-term studies of alarm calls in Belding s ground squirrels Spermophilus beldingi Sherman 1977 1980 1981 1985 Figure 9.1 . Sherman has found that genetic relatedness affects animal behavior in important ways playing a large role in whether or not natural selection favors squirrels emitting alarm calls when a predator is detected. In this chapter after an introductory section demonstrating the power of genetic kinship to affect animal behavior we will examine the theoretical foundation underlying inclusive fitness or kin selection models of social behavior the evolution of the family unit parent offspring conflict and sibling rivalry and how and why animals recognize kin. a figure 9.1. Alarm calling in squirrels. In Belding s ground .