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Ebook Clinical neuroanatomy (7/E): Part 2

(BQ) Part 2 book “Clinical neuroanatomy” has contents: The cranial nerve nuclei and their central connections and distribution, the autonomic nervous system, the meninges of the brain and spinal cord, the blood supply of the brain and spinal cord, the development of the nervous system, and other contents. | Authors: Snell, Richard S. Title: Clinical Neuroanatomy, 7th Edition Copyright ©2010 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins > Table of Contents > Chapter 10 - The Basal Nuclei (Basal Ganglia) and Their Connections Chapter 10 The Basal Nuclei (Basal Ganglia) and Their Connections A 58-year-old man was seen by a neurologist because he had noticed the development of a slight tremor of his left hand. The tremors involved all of the fingers and the thumb and were present at rest but ceased during voluntary movement. On examination, the patient tended to perform all his movements slowly, and his face had very little expression and was almost masklike. On passively moving the patient's arms, the neurologist found that the muscles showed increased tone, and there was a slight jerky resistance to the movements. When asked to stand up straight, the patient did so but with a stooped posture, and when he walked, he did so by shuffling across the examining room. The neurologist made the diagnosis of Parkinson disease, based on her knowledge of the structure and function of the basal ganglia and their connections to the substantia nigra of the midbrain. She was able to prescribe appropriate drug therapy, which resulted in a great improvement in the hand tremors. Chapter Objectives To describe the basal nuclei, their connections, and their functions and relate them to diseases commonly affecting this area of the nervous system The basal nuclei play an important role in the control of posture and voluntary movement. Unlike many other parts of the nervous system concerned with motor control, the basal nuclei have no direct input or output connections with the spinal cord. Terminology The term basal nuclei is applied to a collection of masses of gray matter situated within each cerebral hemisphere. They are the corpus striatum, the amygdaloid nucleus, and the claustrum. Clinicians and neuroscientists use a variety of different terminologies to describe the basal nuclei. A summary of the